The concept of validity in research has been broadly used in academia and by researchers in different fields of study. The dictionary of social research methods compiled by Jupp (2006) defines validity as “the extent to which conclusions drawn from research provide an accurate description of what happened or a correct explanation of what happens and, why.” Similarly, Creswell (2014) described validity as a procedural benchmark for assessing the accuracy of an investigation and the conclusions made from such investigation and the reason for such conclusion. Importantly, Ryman (2004) pointed out that validity is the framework that enables research findings to be measured and accepted through its accuracy.
Boswell and Cannon (2014) identified …show more content…
It can also be defined as a process of checking the internal consistency of the test administration. A measurement can be regarded as reliable if gives a consistent result. According to Bryman (2004), the three outstanding means of measuring reliability are: test- retest reliability which involves testing and administering same test to the same respondent on different occasions to check the reliability of the result. Alternate form reliability is another feature of reliability which applies to differently worded items for measuring the same variable. Jupp (2006) also called this the “split half method” because it can measure variables of items being administered to the same sample at different points in time, or two sub-samples at the same point in time. The third feature is the internal consistency reliability which comprises of using groups of items to assess or measure different aspects of the same concept. Furthermore, it has also been maintained that internal consistency is measured by “Cronbach’s alpha” which Jupp (2006) demonstrated to be a measure on how well different items complement each other in measuring the same concept and forms a single scale (Jupp 2006).
Of great significance, Wood and Haber (2006) highlighted that it is important to address issues of validity and reliability in quantitative research, because of …show more content…
There are six ethical principles which Parahoo (2006) identified which need to be considered when conducting a research study: these principles are, beneficence, non-maleficence, fidelity, justice. Beneficence means that the research study should benefit the participating individual and society.Non-maleficence, which implies that research should not cause any harm to participants. Another ethical principle that needs to be considered is fidelity which is mainly concerned with building trust between researchers and participants. Justice principle is concerned with participants being treated fairly. Additionally, the justice principle helps to build trust between participants and researchers. The researcher is obliged to provide information to the participant and must say the truth even if it may cause the participant to withdraw from giving further information that will be useful for the study. By not giving participants’ information and being economical with the truth, can amount to deception and a breach of ethical
Boswell and Cannon (2014) identified …show more content…
It can also be defined as a process of checking the internal consistency of the test administration. A measurement can be regarded as reliable if gives a consistent result. According to Bryman (2004), the three outstanding means of measuring reliability are: test- retest reliability which involves testing and administering same test to the same respondent on different occasions to check the reliability of the result. Alternate form reliability is another feature of reliability which applies to differently worded items for measuring the same variable. Jupp (2006) also called this the “split half method” because it can measure variables of items being administered to the same sample at different points in time, or two sub-samples at the same point in time. The third feature is the internal consistency reliability which comprises of using groups of items to assess or measure different aspects of the same concept. Furthermore, it has also been maintained that internal consistency is measured by “Cronbach’s alpha” which Jupp (2006) demonstrated to be a measure on how well different items complement each other in measuring the same concept and forms a single scale (Jupp 2006).
Of great significance, Wood and Haber (2006) highlighted that it is important to address issues of validity and reliability in quantitative research, because of …show more content…
There are six ethical principles which Parahoo (2006) identified which need to be considered when conducting a research study: these principles are, beneficence, non-maleficence, fidelity, justice. Beneficence means that the research study should benefit the participating individual and society.Non-maleficence, which implies that research should not cause any harm to participants. Another ethical principle that needs to be considered is fidelity which is mainly concerned with building trust between researchers and participants. Justice principle is concerned with participants being treated fairly. Additionally, the justice principle helps to build trust between participants and researchers. The researcher is obliged to provide information to the participant and must say the truth even if it may cause the participant to withdraw from giving further information that will be useful for the study. By not giving participants’ information and being economical with the truth, can amount to deception and a breach of ethical