The utilization of excessive force not only impacts the perception of law enforcement in the community but it also greatly impacts the department financially. Over the years, law enforcement has paid out billions of dollars in civil litigations. For example, the city of Los Angeles paid out over $66.2 million dollars over a time period of ten years due to civil liability cases brought against the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Out of the $66.2 million pay out, $63.4 million were due to male officers using excessive force. At a time when male officers outnumbered female officers on patrol by a ratio of 4:1, the payouts involving excessive use of force by male officers exceeded those for female officers by a significantly larger ratio
