These forms of racism, whether covert or overt, direct or vicarious, can take a toll on African Americans’ pride in their racial identity and self-esteem, which in turn can provoke psychological harm and distress within them. Although the degree of psychological harm in this study was not transparent enough to conclude any notable effects on African Americans’ academics or ability to progress in school, it does show other barriers that African Americans’ have to surpass to achieve upward mobility and academic success besides racism
These forms of racism, whether covert or overt, direct or vicarious, can take a toll on African Americans’ pride in their racial identity and self-esteem, which in turn can provoke psychological harm and distress within them. Although the degree of psychological harm in this study was not transparent enough to conclude any notable effects on African Americans’ academics or ability to progress in school, it does show other barriers that African Americans’ have to surpass to achieve upward mobility and academic success besides racism