Transfer students come from different socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds (Cohen & Brawer, 2003; Handel, 2011). Disproportionately, community colleges have large numbers of underrepresented college students. It is estimated that 50 percent of all minority students begin higher education at a community college (Carter & Wilson, 1995; Levitz, 1992). Hispanic students were overrepresented in the public two-year institutions while Black students were overrepresented in for-profit institutions (College Board, 2016; Tinto, 1993). For low-income community college students, only 11 percent report transferring to a four year institution compared to 48 percent of higher income students (Engle & Tinto, 2008). Supporting data reports the
