In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, negative views of females and sexuality were challenged by modern feminism. These views about women began to change as they fought for their right to vote, their right to education and to work. This caused the Catholic Church to become enraged. “In 1930 Pope Pius XI condemned women’s emancipation, as undermining the divinely founded obedience of the wife to her husband and a false deflection from her true and sole role as mother and homemaker.” (Ruether, "Catholics for Choice") Catholic bishops began to organize women’s groups to oppose feminism. The church formed the “The National Council of Catholic Women” to campaign against birth control, divorce, and the Equal Rights Amendment. The earlier
