There are three stages in the evolution of laws that were placed on secret societies: Before 1671 laws appeared as miscellaneous crimes (zafan), but in that same year a revision was made under the statue of plotting rebellion (moupan), and the last significant change came in 1811 with a substatute of bandits under the statue of robbery (qiangado). The evolution of such laws answered pertinent and interrelated questions such as: how the Qing state viewed secret societies, and how the views changed over
There are three stages in the evolution of laws that were placed on secret societies: Before 1671 laws appeared as miscellaneous crimes (zafan), but in that same year a revision was made under the statue of plotting rebellion (moupan), and the last significant change came in 1811 with a substatute of bandits under the statue of robbery (qiangado). The evolution of such laws answered pertinent and interrelated questions such as: how the Qing state viewed secret societies, and how the views changed over