One of the most severe yet preventable health problems in the world is cigarette smoking. It is the second globally leading risk factor for death after high blood pressure (Lim et al., 2012). The consumption of tobacco is currently the single preventable cause of death (World Health Organization, 2011). By 2030, over 500 million people may die due to tobacco which contains active drug nicotine. To understand the factors leading to tobacco use it is most important to consider the enormous health complications associated to its’ use and to plan strategies to reduce its’ intake. Especially, it is important for the developing countries like India, where its use continues to be common without the recognition of harmful consequences of its consumption
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It is a combination of biological, psychological and social process. Theories of smoking and smoking cessation differ in their conceptualisations of the comparative importance and interrelationships between amongst three aspects, with some difference in how they deal with the psychological factors.
Cognitive-behavioural theories often have distinct sub-theories that hypothesize the relationships between cognitive aspects and factors influencing habituated and reactive behaviours. One subset of expectancy value theories focus on rational appraisals of costs and benefits. These are purely or mostly cognitive in centre and include such theories as the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, & Fishbein, 2010), the model of health beliefs (Rosenstock, 1988) the rational addiction model (Becker, & Murphy, 1988) and the trans-theoretical model (DiClemente, & Prochaska, …show more content…
Basically it argues that people become smokers because of the positive reinforcements they obtain from smoking. Initially smoking is physically unpleasant but this is overruled because of the social reinforcement from peers (Pomerlau, 1979).
Sociological theories
Sociological theories relate to social learning that encourages patterns of use in the people’s family, peer group or sub-culture. Cultural and social norms, variation in drug use patterns, and values and behaviors of parents, siblings, friends and role models affect drug use. A principal implication for cessation to this model is the need to address a person's smoking in the context of his or her family, cultural and social environment.
Social theories considered smoking to be a social activity. Even when the smoker smokes alone he or she still smokes in a society where cigarettes are widely available and promoted. Murray et al., (1988) suggested that smoking is given different meanings in different settings. For example at work palace going for a cigarette provide an opportunity to escape from the everyday routine. Outside work, smoking may be perceived as a means of reaffirming social relationships. For young people who generally go to pub, the sharing of cigarettes may be the mean of initiating, maintaining and strengthening social
It is a combination of biological, psychological and social process. Theories of smoking and smoking cessation differ in their conceptualisations of the comparative importance and interrelationships between amongst three aspects, with some difference in how they deal with the psychological factors.
Cognitive-behavioural theories often have distinct sub-theories that hypothesize the relationships between cognitive aspects and factors influencing habituated and reactive behaviours. One subset of expectancy value theories focus on rational appraisals of costs and benefits. These are purely or mostly cognitive in centre and include such theories as the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, & Fishbein, 2010), the model of health beliefs (Rosenstock, 1988) the rational addiction model (Becker, & Murphy, 1988) and the trans-theoretical model (DiClemente, & Prochaska, …show more content…
Basically it argues that people become smokers because of the positive reinforcements they obtain from smoking. Initially smoking is physically unpleasant but this is overruled because of the social reinforcement from peers (Pomerlau, 1979).
Sociological theories
Sociological theories relate to social learning that encourages patterns of use in the people’s family, peer group or sub-culture. Cultural and social norms, variation in drug use patterns, and values and behaviors of parents, siblings, friends and role models affect drug use. A principal implication for cessation to this model is the need to address a person's smoking in the context of his or her family, cultural and social environment.
Social theories considered smoking to be a social activity. Even when the smoker smokes alone he or she still smokes in a society where cigarettes are widely available and promoted. Murray et al., (1988) suggested that smoking is given different meanings in different settings. For example at work palace going for a cigarette provide an opportunity to escape from the everyday routine. Outside work, smoking may be perceived as a means of reaffirming social relationships. For young people who generally go to pub, the sharing of cigarettes may be the mean of initiating, maintaining and strengthening social