The closer to optimal functioning individual does not develop Substance Use Disorder through a number of environmental, social, biological, and cognitive reasons. Bandura (1986) examined the different theories of human determinism and found no one link to optimal functioning. While socioeconomic factors could weigh heavy into adverse development, it was not the overriding factor. Learned behavior through positive and negative outcomes (resiliency) was as likely to aid one’s functioning in the future. How an individual perceives stress is the key element appraisal/construal level of optimal functioning in the context of the stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The primary appraisal process involves mentally judging a situation, discriminating
