Face-to-face, written such as letters, texting, email, telephone and some one-way communication sources like television, radio, or the media (Topics & Theory, 2016). The VHR is clearly a face-to-face definition of differential association, but it was also more than that. Looking at Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961), subjects were more likely to imitate those that were perceived similar to themselves (in this case hockey fans), and were more likely to imitate behaviour by those of the same gender. Further evidence of the study was that subjects receiving positive reinforcement for their behaviour, were more likely to continue such behaviour (Chance, 2006). However, differential association does not need to be so obvious to apply to criminal behaviour. Otto Larsen found that in television programs meant for child audiences, 56% of the time the fictional characters achieved their goals by violent or illegal acts. (Halgin, 1993). Assuming the group of Vancouverite vigilantes grew up on cartoons as most of us did, it can be linked to differential associations points on intensity, priority, frequency, and duration, duration being the star. It is possible that these events can be explained in conjunction with alcohol, positive reinforcement, intense learned behaviour, and life-long exposure to deviant communications such as cartoons, television shows, media reports, and previous
Face-to-face, written such as letters, texting, email, telephone and some one-way communication sources like television, radio, or the media (Topics & Theory, 2016). The VHR is clearly a face-to-face definition of differential association, but it was also more than that. Looking at Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961), subjects were more likely to imitate those that were perceived similar to themselves (in this case hockey fans), and were more likely to imitate behaviour by those of the same gender. Further evidence of the study was that subjects receiving positive reinforcement for their behaviour, were more likely to continue such behaviour (Chance, 2006). However, differential association does not need to be so obvious to apply to criminal behaviour. Otto Larsen found that in television programs meant for child audiences, 56% of the time the fictional characters achieved their goals by violent or illegal acts. (Halgin, 1993). Assuming the group of Vancouverite vigilantes grew up on cartoons as most of us did, it can be linked to differential associations points on intensity, priority, frequency, and duration, duration being the star. It is possible that these events can be explained in conjunction with alcohol, positive reinforcement, intense learned behaviour, and life-long exposure to deviant communications such as cartoons, television shows, media reports, and previous