In Land's End Li describes the indigenous transformation of the Lauje due to their adoption of capitalist modes of production. Li frames the capitalist transformation of the Lauje primarily through the agricultural shift from swidden agriculture practices of crops of corn and rice fields, that were prevalent among the highland Lauje in the 1990's, to the enclosed farming of cacao and clove trees plot, which that had become the main “cash crops” by the 2006. Li adamantly shows how the Lauje readily embraced capitalist relations through cash crops, such as cacao, in an attempt “to join the march of progress promised in modernization narrative”(Li 2). The rapid emergence of the capitalist market brought with it equally rapid polarizing effects
