1. Introduction
While important role of social capital for livelihood outcomes is globally recognised, there is no universal definition of social capital. In general, social capital is regarded as the contextual complement to human capital, and it can be converted into other forms of capital whether material or immaterial, economic or social (Burt, 2001; Silvey & Elmhirst, 2003; Fafchamps, 2006). Since social capital consists of various dimensions, it can bring the range of outcomes by combining different dimensions (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000). Since social capital is recognised as having various dimensions, researchers attempt to classify its features. Putnam, et al. (1994) define that Social capital is a social organisation such as trust, …show more content…
Firstly, cultural norm obstructs women to enter wage labour. For instance, the Catholicism in Latin America that the conservative church joins in the communitarian denunciation of women’s entry into wage labour, holding it responsible for a range of social ills (Molyneux, 2002). Secondly, the lack of education extort job opportunities from women (Molyneux, 2002; Musalia, 2006). Since they tend to be less educated than men, Molyneux (2002) argues that training in vocational skills could enhance women’s participation in paid-work and it would contribute to their poverty reduction. From another viewpoint, education is also important in expand the social network for both men and women. Musalia (2006) finds that education noticeably enlarge women’s social networks in Kenya. Thirdly, extension of women’s responsibilities for the family / community causes normalising perception about un-paid work for them (Molyneux, 2002). In addition to all, as result of spending much time for volunteering or un-paid work, women can spend fewer time for other activities including paid work (Cleaver, 2005). For example, Cleaver (2005) reports the case of a girl in Tanzania: she sells her labour and increase of her physical burden and time constraints cause for her away from attending
While important role of social capital for livelihood outcomes is globally recognised, there is no universal definition of social capital. In general, social capital is regarded as the contextual complement to human capital, and it can be converted into other forms of capital whether material or immaterial, economic or social (Burt, 2001; Silvey & Elmhirst, 2003; Fafchamps, 2006). Since social capital consists of various dimensions, it can bring the range of outcomes by combining different dimensions (Woolcock & Narayan, 2000). Since social capital is recognised as having various dimensions, researchers attempt to classify its features. Putnam, et al. (1994) define that Social capital is a social organisation such as trust, …show more content…
Firstly, cultural norm obstructs women to enter wage labour. For instance, the Catholicism in Latin America that the conservative church joins in the communitarian denunciation of women’s entry into wage labour, holding it responsible for a range of social ills (Molyneux, 2002). Secondly, the lack of education extort job opportunities from women (Molyneux, 2002; Musalia, 2006). Since they tend to be less educated than men, Molyneux (2002) argues that training in vocational skills could enhance women’s participation in paid-work and it would contribute to their poverty reduction. From another viewpoint, education is also important in expand the social network for both men and women. Musalia (2006) finds that education noticeably enlarge women’s social networks in Kenya. Thirdly, extension of women’s responsibilities for the family / community causes normalising perception about un-paid work for them (Molyneux, 2002). In addition to all, as result of spending much time for volunteering or un-paid work, women can spend fewer time for other activities including paid work (Cleaver, 2005). For example, Cleaver (2005) reports the case of a girl in Tanzania: she sells her labour and increase of her physical burden and time constraints cause for her away from attending