The extraordinary levels of migration in the late nineteenth century were unprecedented at the time, and have never again been repeated on such a scale. Between 1820-1914, almost 60 million Europeans immigrated to the New World, and more than 40 million of these arrived after 1850. America received almost two-thirds of immigrants, but other key destinations included Canada, Australasia and Latin America. Although migration flows from other areas did exist at the time for example, the massive migration flows that ran South-South, so from China and India to East Africa, Manchuria and Southeast Asia), this essay will focus on migration from Europe to the New World because scarce data exists on the former group of migrants. By synthesising
