One of the most outstanding figures of the Islamic history in the nineteenth century was Jamal ad-Di Afghani (1839-1897) who was born in Iran. Afghani was a well-traveled political activist who became the leading spokesperson for Pan-Islamism, a political movement that fought against the incursion of the Europeans by uniting the Muslims around the world under one Islamic state. His journeys to the different countries he has been had significant influences on how his life was shaped. The trends that were correlated to his biography are religious innovation, cultural globalization, and resistance to imperialism. The religious innovation and the cultural globalization trends were shaped through Afghani’s journey to different countries. He used
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He has been to eight countries in his lifetime: Iran, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, England, France, Russia. Keddie stated that “In the absence of decisive evidence one may speculate that Afghani’s eloquence, intelligence, and charismatic personality had much to do with his relatively rapid advance—an advance that was paralleled in many of the countries that he visited (Keddie 61).” In Iran, he learned the traditional and rational Muslim philosophy. When he was in India, he witnessed the Indian rebellion that influenced his stance against Europeans. In his stay in Afghanistan, he became close to different Muslim leaders who influenced him of their warlike qualities and resistance to the British invasion. When he was in Turkey, he was expelled from the university because of his speech about anti-imperialism, modernization, and derided prophecy. From this experience, he learned that the Ottomans give the most importance to religion. In Egypt, he gained many followers from his speeches against Europeans. His followers said that Afghani could speak at different levels and in different ways depending on his audiences. It was very clear that Afghani had developed his sense of cultural globalization because of his encounters and experiences interacting with different cultures in each of the countries he has
He has been to eight countries in his lifetime: Iran, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, England, France, Russia. Keddie stated that “In the absence of decisive evidence one may speculate that Afghani’s eloquence, intelligence, and charismatic personality had much to do with his relatively rapid advance—an advance that was paralleled in many of the countries that he visited (Keddie 61).” In Iran, he learned the traditional and rational Muslim philosophy. When he was in India, he witnessed the Indian rebellion that influenced his stance against Europeans. In his stay in Afghanistan, he became close to different Muslim leaders who influenced him of their warlike qualities and resistance to the British invasion. When he was in Turkey, he was expelled from the university because of his speech about anti-imperialism, modernization, and derided prophecy. From this experience, he learned that the Ottomans give the most importance to religion. In Egypt, he gained many followers from his speeches against Europeans. His followers said that Afghani could speak at different levels and in different ways depending on his audiences. It was very clear that Afghani had developed his sense of cultural globalization because of his encounters and experiences interacting with different cultures in each of the countries he has