Bernard Williams: The Psychological Continuity Theory And Its Implications

Improved Essays
In this paper I will argue that the thought experiment that Bernard Williams presents us is actually meant to show us that the psychological continuity criterion is flawed. The flaw presented is shown through the reaction of fear when someone is told they will be tortured and even if you break the psychological continuity of a person through the examples shown of memory loss, the gain of new memories, and body swap. The experiments show that the person will continue to see him/herself as the same person, although they are told they will lose all traits and memories that they now know and get new ones. I will go through the scenario pointed out in the thought experiment and how it begins to prove that psychological continuity is shown …show more content…
I would argue he believes it is not fully developed and not wrong because I do not know what he is arguing. Williams simply points out that there is a flaw in that view not whether he wants to try to discredit the theory or simply modify it. Within those confines I believe he is correct in pointing out flaw and I agree with him. In my opinion, however, there should simply be a modification made to the psychological continuity theory by taking properties from the physical continuity theory and making a complete theory that allows both aspects of a person to serve as indicators to their identity. If Williams added more in his example, I could have reached a further conclusion on what he wanted to show in the thought experiment beyond what is obvious. He said himself that “[he did] not think this would cheer [him] up, either” meaning he is in complete agreement with person A’s reaction to being told they will be tortured and lose their memories before that and they will be replaced with person B’s memories. If you go through the experiment yourself you too will find no comfort in being told that you will be tortured but mentally you will lose all memories and gain the memories of another person this is still terrifying because we associate our physical body with our

Related Documents

  • Improved Essays

    In The Chosen, by Chaim Potok, one theme wove its way throughout the entire story: friendship. It shaped Danny and Reuven’s life, and even affected both of their fathers’ lives as well. Friendship played a tremendous role when Danny felt depressed because of his experimental phycology class, as Reuven’s father had a heart attack needed hospitalization, and most of all, as Danny and his father overcame their silence. The story has the idea of friendship all through it, yet friendship affects these three situations most of all. When Danny and Reuven met for the first time, they both hated each other, but through the forgiveness, the two boys became some of the strongest friends ever written.…

    • 726 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    What happens when good people are put in an evil place? What about when innocent individuals are systematically punished and humiliated? Is human identity rooted in one 's situation? A 1971 endeavor, now known as Zimbardo 's Prison Experiment, attempted to explore these questions and others.…

    • 803 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    His experiment included a teacher (the subject), a student (an actor), and an ominous “torture” machine which the subjects were told could give shocks up to 450 volts. The teacher gave the questions verbally to the student. If the student answered incorrectly the teacher had to shock them with the machine even though there was actually no shock given. The teachers had to increase the voltage for each wrong answer given in some variations of the experiment, in others they could choose whichever voltage they wanted. The student/actor would purposely give incorrect answers now and then and would act in pain whenever he was “shocked.”…

    • 1739 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Both writers have a different view over ethics as some might say Stanley Milgram believes that his experiment is fine and not inhumane; however he believes that he has conducted this experiment for science. Even though some test subjects such as “Gretchen Brandt, a Yale Medical Technician who works at Yale, asks throughout the experiment, ‘Shall I continue?’” (79 Milgram). Some might think that Stanley Milgram does not care about how the test subject feels until the end of the experiment. Which is true according to himself during the experiment if the test subject asks if he or she shall continue after the person getting shocked asks to stop, The experimenter says countless times “The experiment requires that you go on" (Milgram 79). Some might think that Stanley Milgram is an awful person for making these people go through such harsh choices on what is the right thing, Stanley Milgram states that “the subjects do not derive satisfaction from inflicting pain, but they often like the feeling they get from pleasing the experimenter" (86…

    • 812 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Race And Gender Analysis

    • 1347 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Race and gender are usually questioned whether they exist, exist as natural kind, or exist as products of the society. In this paper, I will talk about Nagel and Wilkes’ ideas on personhood, and how they are related to natural kinds. Then, I will present and compare between Haslanger and Sveinsdottir’s accounts on gender and between Mills and Spencer’s account on race. Finally, I will explain why race and gender can’t cease to exist.…

    • 1347 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    She argues that the experiment was affecting the participant even after they were done and had been de-briefed of what the study was actually about, as well as seeing and talking to the ”learner” (the guy who they thought they were electrocuting). Baumrind was also arguing the fact the the experiment had little ecological validity as subjects are more prone to abide in such environments, she also states that participants experienced long-term, negative psychological consequences as a result of their participation in Milgram’s experiment. Milgram had counterpoints for all of her statements, explaining himself and his thought process and why it was necessary towards the experiment. Baumrind says that Milgram 's experimental situations are not sufficiently accurate models of real-life experience, his sampling techniques are seldom of a scope which would justify the meaning with which he would like to endow his result, as well as result are hard to reproduce. These combined is considered unethical, as this experiment would never have been accepted by any institutions today.…

    • 929 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Keith E. Stanovich, the author of “How to Think Straight About Psychology,” explains different aspects of psychology to his readers in the first chapter of his book. He starts off by stating how Sigmund Freud is a fraud when it comes to psychology. Although Freud’s work in psychology is so little, he is the reason why many people misunderstand psychology. Then the chapter begins to talk about how psychology is composed of different topics and studies, and when there are many different topics it is difficult to link all of the topics into one. When psychology is often discussed, many people do not consider it a science.…

    • 726 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Mental life or psyche is understood as a bodily organ (the brain) plus the acts of consciousness. In The Dissection of the Psychical Personality, Freud discusses the psychic nature of the human mind. He begins by that One thing we know about ourselves is the never-ending conflict between our instinctual desires and our endeavor to resist them. In other words, personality, what makes the “I” is a product of how mental forces interact. Later he terms the region where instincts lie the id and the region that resists or controls them the ego.…

    • 910 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Sigmund Freud’s intra-psychic theory on trauma was developed, from inspiration on his clinical case studies in the late nineteenth century. Freud took on the direction that the repression process is a defence against emotional trauma. The term repression was used to describe painful and emotional events, that are able to be blocked out from an individual’s conscious awareness. This is so that the painful effects of the event would not be experienced and intentionally forgotten (Cohen, 1985). The repression process is an automatic psychological defence.…

    • 377 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    During this essay ‘falsifiable’ , ‘verifiable’ and ‘theoretical approach’ shall be defined in relation to psychology, with a different range of psychological methods of investigations such as experimental, observational, correlational, clinical and survey methods. Falsifiable means that it can be shown to be Incorrect, this means that you can't rely on the result from the experiment or even a statement.. Verifiable means you that it can be shown as correct, with a positive result. Verifiable Is to prove the truth of something through an observation or investigation, for an example a birth certificate is proved verifiable, and evidence can back this up.…

    • 785 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The psychoanalytic theory of the mind has widely influence today’s culture. Often people would reference to Freud’s theory about the subconscious and its impact on the personality through different forms of defense, such as denial, repression or projection. The concept that radiates through culture is the assumption that things do not happen by chance, but is connect to another thought, past experience, or environmental aspect. There is a combination of nature and nurture within the intrapsychic domain. While psychoanalytic theory is not practiced as often, the core assumption of the conscious and unconscious is still prevalent in counseling.…

    • 719 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Farkhanda Wajibul SOCU 306 Week 3 Assignment 1 March 20, 2016 Case Study Personality development is quite an interesting focus. After all, personality is the complex cluster of mental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish a person as an individual (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2016, p.114).…

    • 1515 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Assignment 8: Skinner, Freud and Rogers To compare Skinner, Freud, and Rogers, is to compare three of the greats in the field of Psychology. Behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanism comprise the garden from which all other theories have grown. While vast differences have historically been observed in these three men and their theoretical perspectives; for those who choose to see, a few startling similarities may be found as well. For someone with little psychological background, who is just beginning to delve into Freud’s theories, it might seem that his beliefs about human behavior are based in cognitive process like Carl Rogers’s humanistic beliefs.…

    • 754 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Psychoanalysis and Humanism The study of psychology is defined as an academic discipline characterised by a variety of explanations and perspectives regarding human behaviour. The following essay will be focusing primarily on two of these various perspectives, namely psychoanalysis and humanism and provide a detailed explanation on the origins, classifications and various characteristics of these perspectives. Psychoanalysis is an insight therapy that encourages the resurfacing of the client’s unconscious conflicts, motives and defences through methods such as free association and transference. (Weiten, W. (2013).…

    • 1063 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    In this paper I will describe and contrast two of the major theories in psychology, the Psychoanalytical Theory and the Cognitive Theory. I personally believe that an integration between them would best suit my future approach to counseling. Therefore I will present the main theoretical concepts and psychotherapeutic techniques, and their differences and similarities in order to understand to what extent they can be integrated. Sigmund Freud, the founder and major exponent of Psychoanalytical Theory firmly believed that that experiences in childhood play a crucial part in development and personality, influencing adult functioning. He expressed that a person is driven by urges that emanate from the unconscious, leading them to repeat patterns…

    • 1347 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Superior Essays