Enveloped animal virus is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (some have spikes arounds them). Naked animal virus is composed of capsomeres, but doesn’t contain an…
The beginning of the virus history is much older. The very first implication for program acting like a “VIRUS” is “Self-Reproduction Automata” established in 1949 to produce a large amount of viruses. In 1966, an article wrote by the…
In 2010, 3 new studies, with different chemotherapies in combination with Avastin, were submitted to FDA, all failing to show benefit on OS and showing smaller PFS benefit than before and more toxicities, some serious. In July 2010, ODAC voted 12:1 to recommend withdrawal of the conditional approval as the risks outweigh the benefits in this indication and in December 2010, the FDA withdrew the approval of Avastin fo the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. (It remains approved by FDA for advanced colon, lung, kidney and brain cancers.) EMA affirmed the approval of Avastin with paclitaxel for the same indication, as the basis for that approval hadn’t changed.…
A “virus” is defined as: “an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by a light microscope, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host” (Document B). Originating from Uganda, the Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in an infected money in the Zika forest, where its name originates. The Zika virus is a typical one-stranded RNA virus with nucleotide sequences relating it to other African and Asian virus strains. It is capable of infecting other species such as monkeys, elephants, lions, zebras, and rodents. Primates, like humans and monkeys, are known to be the primary hosts and reservoirs.…
Overall Structure (Score 7) Dr. Glaunsinger divided her talk into four main sections over the course of her 50-minute talk. As her introduction, she appropriately began by providing a synopsis of her research by describing the mission of her lab and providing an overview of her interest in the interaction between DNA viruses and the eukaryotic genetic regulatory systems. To emphasize the broad goals of her lab, she introduced examples of model viruses, such as the gamma herpes viruses and MHV68, and spoke to some of the more specific strategies her lab uses to study them. After presenting some background the importance of studying DNA viruses, she provided the audience with several examples of experimental questions she attempts to answer.…
The Variola Virus The Variola virus, which exists in two strains, Variola Minor and Variola Major, has been the cause of one of humanity’s most devastating diseases -- smallpox. This disease is around 200-400 nanometers small and is oval or brick-shaped. The Variola virus, and including all other viruses, are not considered alive. They reproduce by coming in contact with a host cell (for the Variola strains, human animal cells) and injecting their DNA into the host to take its functions over.…
To begin with, at a rudimentary level, zones of war and civil unrest were perfect breeding grounds for viruses due to the “narrow…
In a perfect world, evolution would vote against all of the disease and harmful genes that ever existed in humans and other life-forms. After millions of years of selective processes geared toward survival, why is surviving still such a struggle? Dr. Sharon Moalem’s Survival of the Sickest deals entirely with the study of evolution and a variety of theories related to how humans, genes, microbes, viruses, and animals have evolved to survive through mutation and natural selection. Each chapter begins with anecdotes that lead into a well-researched collection of evidence and theories related to different aspects of evolution. First, Dr. Moalem covered the history of hemochromatosis, a disease where too much iron builds up in the blood of the…
What is “ altered progeny viruses”? In the first sentence you state that host cell is only beneficial to “some” virus? All virus needs a host cell to take over the cell machinery to reproduce, correct? How come some pathogens lack few repair enzymes? Also how does the correlate with having a high mutation rate?…
In the book Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease Paul Ewald looks into the diseases the world faces every day and presents a new theory to what causes them. The book breaks down the current germ theory, causes of this way of thought, and solutions to it. Ewald starts by diving into what the world thinks as everyday diseases including the flu, HIV, and stomach ulcers. The public normally differentiates these infectious disease from chronic diseases like Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, and Heart Disease. The key difference between these two categories is that one disease is thought to be caused by viruses while the other is thought to be caused by genetics (Chronic Diseases).…
OVERALL IMMORAL Firstly, even though one could use other terms to describe biological warfare, one must admit that this form of weaponry is irrevocably terroristic. I cannot understand how any logical-thinking person could approve of performing such a devious deed. Nor can I understand how one could despise terrorists such as Saddam Hussein, but be comfortable with biological warfare. According to the SIU School of Medicine, a kilogram of Anthrax, a common name among biological agents used, is described as being strong enough to eliminate up to one-hundred-thousand humans off of the face of the earth (Overview).…
“Hello everyone!” His hoarse voice bounced against the room’s wall. “Today, I am going to tell you my theory on why any type of outbreak occurs.” Without turning down the volume, his voice got softer like he was telling a secret to a friend in a room full of people. “It isn’t because someone messed up in a lab, or visited an ancient CDC that contains a deadly virus.…
Though evolution by natural selection is classically thought of as the speciation and adaptation of complex Eukaryotic life, when applied to Pathogens including Prokaryotes (Bacteria), simple Eukaryotes (Protist etc.) and Viruses, there is mounting evidence that these three groups undergo evolution by natural selection in ways that alter their virulence, symptoms and infectivity to increase their fitness. Though we can apply the principles of evolution by natural selection to the rapid changes in phenotype expression in pathogenic agents, their mechanisms for change - and the implications of these mechanism - are very different. In terms of sexually reproducing complex Eukaryotes, classical evolution by natural selection is a gradual change.…
Viruses; Who is the Beholder? The greatest threat to humanity can’t be seen by the untrained eye. It could lay dormant for millions of years and evolve into the most terrifying form of itself. These infectious viruses create worldwide terror. The 2011 film Contagion by Steven Soderbergh does an incredible but also frightening job of revealing how a lethal virus would impact the Earth.…
The possibility of being capable of changing the human genome to prevent or treat devastating illnesses and serious inherited diseases has always being in the mind of many people and scientists. However, two important events may contribute to make this idea a reality in the near future. One is the decoding of human genome. This has allow scientists the opportunity to comprehend how the genetic information controls the growth, configuration and function of the human body; and at the same time, to understand how variations within our DNA sequence cause diseases.…