Howard Zinn's Invisible Inequality

Improved Essays
In this reaction paper, I will be responding, summarizing, and criticizing three particular readings from the second unit of this specific sociology course. The following readings, in which I will be reacting to, include “Invisible Inequality”, “Family, Race, and Poverty”, and “Why won’t African-Americans get (and stay) married? Why should they?” In the reading, “Invisible Inequality” the author compared middle, working and “poor” government assisted social classes. The author indicated the position of class a family is can negatively influence dimensions of family life. The difference in class, which effects roles in children’s lives mainly working, middle class parents are conformed to cultural logic of childbearing. The conformation to cultural …show more content…
The two models included were structural and cultural deficiency model. The structural model has a concentration on community pattern changes, marriage, and employment. The cultural deficiency model has a focus on family, culture, and welfare. Throughout the reading, Zinn elaborates on the reasoning for the existence of the poverty line and expresses different dimension as a “villain” in the cultural approach. Zinn expressed that poverty is caused by virility, disintegration in family, incentives to work, low expectations, and etc. The following list of poverty factors are characterized by welfare, culture, and family labeled as a villain. The structural approach implied a transition of economy and labor force or family life and marriage among minorities. The two models have work in favor with one another by providing solutions to reinstate family systems and martial possibilities. Overall, Zinn wants readers to be attentive, and aware of gender, race, and class in order to completely understand and solve complications that result from changes that take place in our economy. The reading includes insight on material that was relevant in the 80’s and is still insightful in our modern society. However, in the 80’s the “norm” for two-parent homes was highly recommended and it was vital to practice breadwinner-homemaker roles. In our modern society, the assortment of families can …show more content…
Why should they?” it states how African-American support marriage, but only martial sex and demoralize divorces. The lived experiences of African-American did not demonstrate how they really felt about marriage. In addition, marriage was never really ingrained in African-American based on a substantial number of factors. For example, race, gender, and class inequalities constructed lower martial expectations for African-Americans. The existence of slavery prevented stable marriages because slavery had intentions of racism, gender expectations, and marginalization. Typically, African-Americans are prone to lower social classes, and “higher income and education couples tend to get married and stay together longer.” Moreover, the percentage of African-Americans marriages encountering instabilities and disputes is at all-time high. The benefits individuals receive by being married, are not equally significant for American-American marriages. In my opinion, the reading is based off of facts and not experiences. I am from an African-American two-parent home, my parents have been married for 17 years and started with nothing. The assumptions of African-Americans marriages does not apply to everyone who is married in the African-American community. I respectfully refute with the author on the opinion of “higher income and education couples tend to get married and stay together longer”, everyone is entitled to

Related Documents

  • Improved Essays

    Huerto Mr. Wisniewski English 101-168 October 5, 2017 The State of our Unions David Papenoe and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, whom are two different marriage and family expert come together to analyze the data and statistics of where marriages in 21st century America stand. Yearly, Papenoe and Whitehead collects datas by surveys through the National Marriage project at Rutgers University which they also teach at. Over the years of collecting marriage and family datas they summarize it through their article, "The State of our Union" (Papenoe and Whitehead 390).…

    • 1027 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Almost 40 years later, in 1997, 67 percent of whites approved of such intermarriage,” (Qian 33). The Loving case ultimately resulted in the change of mindsets across the country. Within just 30 years of the Loving vs Virginia case, the White interracial marriage approval rate increased by more than 60%. Many began to tolerate and even encourage these marriages over time. Additionally, statistics also show that “Between 1970 and 2000s...marriages between whites and members of other races grew almost fivefold from 233 thousand to 1.1 million,” (Qian 33).…

    • 1104 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Non Traditional Families

    • 1675 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Laurel Elder and Steven Greene in their work, “Politicians love to talk about family. But maybe not yours.” try to argue that politicians need to start talking about all families and not just traditional families and need to provide support for all families. While their abundance of logical appeals and their choice of not including emotional appeals would make their argument successful for the type of article they produced, their lack of intrinsic ethos makes their credibility a little faulty and makes their overall argument unsuccessful. Elder and Greene are both Political Science professors; Elder teaches at Hartwick University in New York and Greene teaches at North Carolina University.…

    • 1675 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Working-class families were characterized by “separation”, as parents believed that education was the teacher's responsibility and compared school as something that happened between the hours of nine to five (separate from home life). Presents would seek little information about their child, rarely attended parent-teacher conferences or school Open House and focused criticisms on non-academic matters. Mothers were solely responsible for monitoring school activities and parents socialized more with their kin groups. In comparison, the relationship between the school and the upper middle-class families were characterized by “interconnectedness”, as parents believe that education is a shared responsibility between teachers and parents and attempted to practice the curriculum at home. These parents were well-informed and did not hesitate to criticize school and teacher performance.…

    • 939 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Societal Degradation When considering Dorothy Allison’s “Context” and Tiffany Hendrickson’s “Storming the Gate: Talking in Color” I believe in the valid points and or thoughts shared between both authors. From analyzing these two essays it is apparent that there is a negative implication in regards to socioeconomic status, class and racism in the world we live in. My goal in this paper is to supplement the issues brought about by these two authors and give reference to research also supporting these issues.…

    • 791 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    Broader Lens

    • 2206 Words
    • 9 Pages

    Look Through a Broader Lens For centuries, people have arrived on American land with little more than a suitcase and a dream of a better life. The promise of freedom and equal opportunity continues to attract foreigners to America, even though many thought that with hard work and dedication could lead an American immigrant to success. Having reached the promised land, immigrants find themselves faced with unimaginable obstacles. My family came to America to pursue a better life. Both of my parents came from middle class family in Dalian, China.…

    • 2206 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    In this paper, I will argue that in “The Cohabitation Epidemic” Neil Clark Warren does not successfully support his conclusion stating that people should be alarmed by the current situations of cohabitation epidemic between couples (Vaughn 482). The author spent a myriad of time discrediting cohabitation between couples as not the right form of trial marriage, which to me is lost in the mix. The author begins his story by explaining the social changes that have taken place during the previous decades, indicating the adverse rise of “cohabitation partner couples/ households (Vaughn 481).” Therefore, all the psychologists who possess knowledge of working with both the married and single couples must get alarmed when such cohabitation cases are…

    • 879 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Hispanic Family Sociology

    • 626 Words
    • 3 Pages

    By studying the aspects that influence the structure of the family, it becomes evident that the term family is interpreted differently based on the varying social stratifications that is experienced by the individual. The social stratifications of gender/sex, race/ethnicity, social class, and age are important in their ability to analyze the family structure. These factors impact the experiences of the minority groups of Hispanics, Muslims, and Asians in the United States. By comparing and contrasting their unique experiences, the influence of stratifications and their significance in the family structure will be demonstrated. Media and pop culture give clear examples of the societal expectations have a direct affect in families.…

    • 626 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The period after WWII brought many changes. Traditionally, the 1950s have been regarded as an era of conformity and prosperity. In order to determine whether this assessment is accurate, one must analyze how these changes affected American society and economy. Once the war was finished, expected roles in society grew stronger, especially those pertaining to gender. The suburbs expanded quickly and gained popularity.…

    • 550 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Social Construction

    • 598 Words
    • 3 Pages

    We have read on many different levels of social construction. Family to start with. In our readings it was pointed out that African American won’t get married. From a personal point of view, I was with my daughter father since I was in high school so that about thirty years maybe a little more or less. My goal was to have a father figure in my daughters’ life.…

    • 598 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Defining the word family can encompass many origins, perspectives, and purposes. In the last few decades, the American family has changed significantly. New combinations of family households are more common than ever: the increase in divorce and remarriage, adoption, foster parenting, single parenthood, kinship care, and same-sex relationships. However, the African American family seems to have not only maintained its stagnated structure, but its function as a unit is vanishing from society. According to Ghanaian scholar Gyekye, the role of the African American family refers to one that is centered upon communal values and includes not only the biological relatives, but those in the extended family and fictive kin.…

    • 1320 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Family is a diverse and complicated concept in which many researchers have come up with different conclusions. Family definition is not complete without the incorporation of race and ethnicity. Race and ethnicity complete the full definition of family. This is done by the incorporation of everyone’s history. In order to fully understand family focus should be placed in society as a whole, instead of section.…

    • 1017 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Family Introduction Paper Traditionally, family is defined by the title and relationship of the ancestry. However the modern day definition has evolved to include anyone with an intimate and or both vital connections to the relationship.…

    • 1231 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Annette Lareau is the sociologist who authored the book “Unequal Childhoods”. Lareau is a graduate of the University of California Berkeley, where she graduated with a PhD in Sociology. She has taught Sociology as a professor in multiple universities across the United States, and currently the she is the professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. For her work “Unequal Childhoods” she received the Sociology of Culture Best Book Award and the Best Book Length Contribution to Family Sociology Award from the American Sociological Association, which as of June 2012 she is the current President. “Unequal Childhoods” is Lareau’s naturalistic study of twelve families which were white, black, and interracial, and the ways in which social…

    • 1445 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Poverty is an issue that people face in every country of the world. Many people are living in poverty today and unable to live within the same standards as others members of their same society, simply due to differences in their financial capabilities. This is an issue for individuals, as well as an issue between countries, having some countries striving with wealth, while other countries struggle to feed and house their people. A social problem is defined as “a social condition or pattern of behavior that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world” (Guerrero, 2005. 4). This paper was written about the issue poverty because it is an important social problem that affects such a large number of Americans…

    • 1805 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays