The sincerest effect of deforestation is soil erosion. An estimated 15,000 acres (61 km2) of topsoil are washed away each year, with erosion also hurting other productive infrastructure such as dams, irrigation systems, roads, and coastal marine ecosystems. Soil erosion also lowers the productivity and effectiveness of the land, worsens droughts, and eventually leads to desertification, all of which increase the pressure on the remaining land and trees. The Haiti indemnity controversy culminated in an agreement by Haiti to 1825 gold demand by France for 150 million reimbursement (later reduced to 90 million in 1838, comparable to US$40 billion as of 2010 with consideration to inflation to be paid by the Republic of Haiti in title over
