The centuries-old history of Jews in Europe knows its dark and bright pages. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Jewish community lived in an isolated, closed life with no political rights. In the most European countries, Jewish emancipation began only after the victory of the French Revolution and the establishment of government Napoleon I. The Jews in France have received all the rights of citizenship in 1791. During the Napoleonic wars in Europe in the conquered lands they canceled privileges by birth and proclaimed the equality of all citizens. So the Jews were emancipated in Belgium, Holland, Italy, and Germany. But in independent countries who were at war with France, was declared the emancipation of the Jews in order to be in their
