The input-process-output (IPO) model is a system widely used to measure the success of a program, project, or policy. The model includes three essential components, including, input, process, and output. Input is the first step which refers to what gets put into the process, for example: policy, resources, money, equipment, people, and information. The second step is the process which includes arrests, education, information, activities, what is done and how it is done. The last step is output which is the outcome. It includes change in behavior, safety, and criminals convicted. When using the DARE as an example. Input pertains to the children partaking in the program, process is the education, information, and resources …show more content…
169). Consequently, questions remain about whether the implementation of police-oriented policing is transforming practice (Innes, 2005, p. 187). This goes back to the issues of budget cuts and lack of funding which is a consequence of the eternal environment influence on the police. Another supporting evidence of the influence of external environment is evident through the various specialized forces in law enforcement obtain legitimacy. Police agencies require legitimacy in order to function effectively in their daily duties as law enforcement agents. Police must conform to institutional expectations including appropriate structures and activities, such as crime fighting, for a police department to be recognized as a true police agency by sovereigns. Failure to conform to public expectations could lead to a loss of legitimacy (Crank & Langworthy, 1992, p. 343). The crime fighting image makes police organization look like they are doing their job, even though ninety percent of police functions have little to do with crime fighting. As noted by Crank and Langworthy (1992), only a small portion of police work actually involves law enforcement (p. 344). To further support the impact of external environment, Cook (2011) states the effectiveness of the police in threatening punishment for crime is greatly influenced by private inputs, particularly the provision of timely information and cooperation after arrest (p. 103). Moreover, Politicians probably care about police effectiveness; with punishment, effectiveness is seldom a matter of significant concern (Tonry, 2011, p.