When traumatic experiences reinforce those neural pathways involved, the likelihood for more adaptive behaviors is reduced (N.C. …show more content…
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016) lists these experiences to include; sexual abuse or assault, physical abuse or assault, emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment, neglect, serious accident or illness, victim or witness to domestic violence, victim or witness to community violence, historical trauma, school violence, bullying, natural or manmade disasters, forced displacement, war or terrorism, military trauma, victim or witness to extreme personal or interpersonal violence, traumatic grief or separation, and system-induced trauma including retraumatization. As discussed earlier, trauma intertwines development neurologically, emotionally, spiritually, and physically. Trauma can result in a wide variety of experiences depending on the culture and how each individual has developed in these areas. As the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2009) explains it, “culture and trauma have a profound bidirectional influence on each other. Culture shapes attitudes towards traumatic experiences (e.g., sexual abuse, illness, accidents, physical abuse) as well as how children and families respond to—and recover from—trauma