In many cultures in the world, people are determining social role based on gender disparities. In social construction, gender is used to differentiate roles, responsibilities, rights, abilities and limitations between men and women. Patriarchy system can be seen as a set of social rules or norms based on maleness, where man is placed as the head of family, property owner, protector, and decision maker. As Lauren Wilcox (2007) explains, “Gender symbolism describes the way in which masculine/feminine are assigned to various dichotomies that organize Western thought” where “both men and women tend to place a higher value on the term which is associated with masculinity”. This vertical power relation, create a social hierarchy based on masculine
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For long time, serving their country is seen as a chivalric way to gain honor. Society has important role in shaping what a man should be and must do. By joining the army and fighting in battlefield, a man has been understood in defending his honor and his home. Wilcox (2010) said that military serves as an important site for creation and maintenance of gender identity in society. Military training are emphasizing on physical exercises to build up strength, offensive and aggressive techniques, and ability to cope under stressful environment in the battlefield. During the wartime, the state becomes a citizen-warrior which endorse the value of warrior masculinity. Military training has aim to create or build individual characteristic of men. And indeed military is an institution where masculine characters are the basic requirements, and individual who wants to enter this institution has to adjust with its prerequisites. Barry Posen (1984) describes the attractiveness of offensive doctrines to militaries as resulting from the military as an organization’s drive to increase its own autonomy and self-image. Similarly, David Englander (1997) argues that the offensive spirit in the British military leading up to World War I expressed the military’s position as the vanguard of a virile, manly
For long time, serving their country is seen as a chivalric way to gain honor. Society has important role in shaping what a man should be and must do. By joining the army and fighting in battlefield, a man has been understood in defending his honor and his home. Wilcox (2010) said that military serves as an important site for creation and maintenance of gender identity in society. Military training are emphasizing on physical exercises to build up strength, offensive and aggressive techniques, and ability to cope under stressful environment in the battlefield. During the wartime, the state becomes a citizen-warrior which endorse the value of warrior masculinity. Military training has aim to create or build individual characteristic of men. And indeed military is an institution where masculine characters are the basic requirements, and individual who wants to enter this institution has to adjust with its prerequisites. Barry Posen (1984) describes the attractiveness of offensive doctrines to militaries as resulting from the military as an organization’s drive to increase its own autonomy and self-image. Similarly, David Englander (1997) argues that the offensive spirit in the British military leading up to World War I expressed the military’s position as the vanguard of a virile, manly