This study was conducted in Selale, one of the 18 zones of the Oromia regional state in Ethiopia. The research site is located between 37 and 100km Northwest of Addis Ababa. It has a high potential for rain-fed cereal and livestock production. The main food crops are barley, wheat, teff, beans and peas. Livestock is considered to be the main asset of the farming community. There are two cropping seasons in a year. The major cropping season is characterized by relatively high rainfall, starting in late June and lasting until October. This is the most productive season. The other wet season starts in February and continues up to June. Only some crops and croplands that have suitable soil characteristics are cultivated in this second season.
Selale …show more content…
For the household survey we used a structured questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions on the socio-economic and demographic background of the dairy farm households and on household time allocation. Based on the survey results, the households were further stratified into milk market participant, and non-participant households. We selected 168 households for the direct observation of intra-household time allocation. As Schwartz, Herz, & Frazis (2002) noticed, measuring adult household members` use of time produces valuable information on how household members jointly allocate their …show more content…
Finally, the Average Treatment Effect on the Untreated (ATU) measures the impact that the program would have had on those who did not participate: ATU = E (Y1 −Y0 |D =0). However, this depends on counterfactual outcomes and is unobservable. Using the fact that the average of a difference is the difference of the averages, the ATT can be rewritten as: ATT = E (Y1|D =1) − E (Y0 |D =1). Hereby is E (Y0|D =1) the average outcome that the treated individuals would have obtained in absence of treatment. This average outcome is not observable. However, we do observe the term E (Y0 |D =0), that is, the value of Y0 for the untreated
Selale …show more content…
For the household survey we used a structured questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions on the socio-economic and demographic background of the dairy farm households and on household time allocation. Based on the survey results, the households were further stratified into milk market participant, and non-participant households. We selected 168 households for the direct observation of intra-household time allocation. As Schwartz, Herz, & Frazis (2002) noticed, measuring adult household members` use of time produces valuable information on how household members jointly allocate their …show more content…
Finally, the Average Treatment Effect on the Untreated (ATU) measures the impact that the program would have had on those who did not participate: ATU = E (Y1 −Y0 |D =0). However, this depends on counterfactual outcomes and is unobservable. Using the fact that the average of a difference is the difference of the averages, the ATT can be rewritten as: ATT = E (Y1|D =1) − E (Y0 |D =1). Hereby is E (Y0|D =1) the average outcome that the treated individuals would have obtained in absence of treatment. This average outcome is not observable. However, we do observe the term E (Y0 |D =0), that is, the value of Y0 for the untreated