Title IX was a well-needed push for the government to get involved in sexual discrimination. A burgeoning women's movement and increasing lawsuits encouraged Congress begin focusing on women’s rights in education. From a heated political climate, Title IX was born. In 1972, Title IX prohibited federally funded educational institutions, such as public secondary school and higher education, from discriminating on the basis of sex and applies to all academic and extracurricular program, and was signed into the Educational Amendments of the Civil Rights Act. This law has been credited as the key cause of the advances made in educational and workplace equality and is best known for its impact on intercollegiate athletics and likewise the most debatable
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. . Girls could become teachers and nurses, but not doctors or principals . . . there was no such thing as sexual harassment because ‘boys will be boys’,” (Winslow). Numerous successful women have benefited from the freedom Title IX offered and are now encouraged to contribute to society from their school experiences rather than raised to be a housewife. Such a victory, sadly, did not come immediately. Although it was signed into law in 1972, the final regulation was not effective until 1975 (Women’s Sports Foundation”. Even then lawmakers hurried to amend and repeal it, with “Organizations like the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the College Football Coaches Association strongly opposed to application to athletics” (Galles, Summer 2004). In 1984, Grove City vs. Bell went as far as to establish that only programs that directly received federal funding were binded to Title IX (Women’s Sports Foundation). To date, there have been twenty court challenges to Title IX attempting to decrease gender equity (Winslow). In fact it was not until 1988, when Congress overrode Grove City vs. Bell as well as a veto by President Reagan and enacted the Civil Rights Restoration Act, that Title IX was applied to all programs or activities at institutions that received federal funds, whether or not a program itself …show more content…
Department of Labor website, the legal wordings of Title IX are public for usage by everyday Americans. An up-to-date version of the law and shows how Title IX not only addresses sex and gender in education but also includes open interpretation of Title IX as a law that eventually resulted in confusion on its complete application in schools (Educational Amendments of 1972). Title IX was essentially based off of the earlier Title IV, which set out to end racial discrimination in education and likewise faces debate to this day. In 1982, ten years after the law was passed, hundreds of questions had already risen. For example, suits asking if Title IX was meant to cover employment in schools or if pregnancy should be treated as a “temporary disability” were set to be decided the U.S. Supreme Court in 1982 (Flygare, 1982). Other high court decisions tentative in the year included whether Title IX applies to institutional organizations and intercollegiate sports. This article from “The Phi Delta Kappan” also affirms that Title IX has been beneficial to and responsible for the educational achievements made for women so far. Another excerpt from a volume of Harvard Law Review discusses cases preceding 1997 about whether Title IX applies to peer sexual harassment in public schools. Published 20 years after the passing of Title IX, this document argues that if employees of the school can be protected or prosecuted based on Title IX infringement, than students
. . Girls could become teachers and nurses, but not doctors or principals . . . there was no such thing as sexual harassment because ‘boys will be boys’,” (Winslow). Numerous successful women have benefited from the freedom Title IX offered and are now encouraged to contribute to society from their school experiences rather than raised to be a housewife. Such a victory, sadly, did not come immediately. Although it was signed into law in 1972, the final regulation was not effective until 1975 (Women’s Sports Foundation”. Even then lawmakers hurried to amend and repeal it, with “Organizations like the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the College Football Coaches Association strongly opposed to application to athletics” (Galles, Summer 2004). In 1984, Grove City vs. Bell went as far as to establish that only programs that directly received federal funding were binded to Title IX (Women’s Sports Foundation). To date, there have been twenty court challenges to Title IX attempting to decrease gender equity (Winslow). In fact it was not until 1988, when Congress overrode Grove City vs. Bell as well as a veto by President Reagan and enacted the Civil Rights Restoration Act, that Title IX was applied to all programs or activities at institutions that received federal funds, whether or not a program itself …show more content…
Department of Labor website, the legal wordings of Title IX are public for usage by everyday Americans. An up-to-date version of the law and shows how Title IX not only addresses sex and gender in education but also includes open interpretation of Title IX as a law that eventually resulted in confusion on its complete application in schools (Educational Amendments of 1972). Title IX was essentially based off of the earlier Title IV, which set out to end racial discrimination in education and likewise faces debate to this day. In 1982, ten years after the law was passed, hundreds of questions had already risen. For example, suits asking if Title IX was meant to cover employment in schools or if pregnancy should be treated as a “temporary disability” were set to be decided the U.S. Supreme Court in 1982 (Flygare, 1982). Other high court decisions tentative in the year included whether Title IX applies to institutional organizations and intercollegiate sports. This article from “The Phi Delta Kappan” also affirms that Title IX has been beneficial to and responsible for the educational achievements made for women so far. Another excerpt from a volume of Harvard Law Review discusses cases preceding 1997 about whether Title IX applies to peer sexual harassment in public schools. Published 20 years after the passing of Title IX, this document argues that if employees of the school can be protected or prosecuted based on Title IX infringement, than students