The heart-lung machine, or pump oxygenator, invented by John Gibbon in the early 1950s, had opened the era of modern heart surgery for coronary artery disease (Buxton & Galvin, 2013). It significantly increased the survival rate and quality of life of patient suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the higher complication rate caused by the heart-lung pump machine, such as the neurocognitive impairment, the systematic inflammation, the long recovery time, and the high operation cost of the heart-lung machine, drove the development of off pump coronary artery bypass (Rose, 2003). The first successful Off-pump CABG was performed in the 1964 by Kolsov (Olearchyk, 1988). It involved placing bypass graft that provided
