The Great Metabolic Race
Ben Yu
People are constantly going through a wide variety of chemical pathways and reactions to help them maintain consciousness. The pathways and reactions vary depending on one’s physical state and time. The metabolism of an athlete at the start of a race, after five minutes and after forty-five minutes can be observed, as the ratio of lipids and carbohydrates vary depending on the time of the race. Due to the different energy densities and the body’s varying abilities to oxidise glucose, they dominate over each other at different times during the race as they are the most dominant energy source. Energy is also produced for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the catabolism of carbohydrates and …show more content…
It has a 10-step method occurring within the cytoplasm of cells and classified into 2 phases. At the preparatory phase, to make glucose-6-phosphate, glucose is firstly phosphorylated with the utilization of 1 ATP molecule by the enzyme hexokinase. Through phosphohexose isomerase, the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is favoured. The third reaction utilizes one more ATP molecule. Glycolysis is then obligated when fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated so fructose 1,6- bisphosphate is formed. During the first step of the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which was produced during the preparatory phase, is oxidised and phosphorylated to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BGP) to produce 2 NADH molecules and 2 protons. This occurs through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. With the help of magnesium and phosphoglycerate kinase, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is changed to 3-phosphoglycerate, which frees up an ATP molecule. An ATP molecule is released in step 10 when phosphoenolpyruvate, through pyruvate kinase, magnesium and potassium ions produce pyruvate. Overall, a net production of 2 pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules and two molecules of ATP occur for every molecule of
Ben Yu
People are constantly going through a wide variety of chemical pathways and reactions to help them maintain consciousness. The pathways and reactions vary depending on one’s physical state and time. The metabolism of an athlete at the start of a race, after five minutes and after forty-five minutes can be observed, as the ratio of lipids and carbohydrates vary depending on the time of the race. Due to the different energy densities and the body’s varying abilities to oxidise glucose, they dominate over each other at different times during the race as they are the most dominant energy source. Energy is also produced for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the catabolism of carbohydrates and …show more content…
It has a 10-step method occurring within the cytoplasm of cells and classified into 2 phases. At the preparatory phase, to make glucose-6-phosphate, glucose is firstly phosphorylated with the utilization of 1 ATP molecule by the enzyme hexokinase. Through phosphohexose isomerase, the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is favoured. The third reaction utilizes one more ATP molecule. Glycolysis is then obligated when fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated so fructose 1,6- bisphosphate is formed. During the first step of the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which was produced during the preparatory phase, is oxidised and phosphorylated to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BGP) to produce 2 NADH molecules and 2 protons. This occurs through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. With the help of magnesium and phosphoglycerate kinase, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is changed to 3-phosphoglycerate, which frees up an ATP molecule. An ATP molecule is released in step 10 when phosphoenolpyruvate, through pyruvate kinase, magnesium and potassium ions produce pyruvate. Overall, a net production of 2 pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules and two molecules of ATP occur for every molecule of