Introduction: - Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organism. There are some evidences that proves that some of the eukaryotic organism lack this organelle but there is no true evidence which says that this specific organism completely lacks mitochondria. Mitochondria is also known as a power house of the living body cell. It stores energies in the cell and releases when its needed. Every organelle in Mitochondria have their own specific roles which helps in storing energy (See Figure 1 for details). Evidence shows that the mitochondria evolved from primitive bacteria’s. Is it really evolved from the primitive bacteria or are there any other evidences that mitochondrion has been evolved from. Here, in
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performed the experiment on Agobacterium tumefaciens by straining and cloning the rRNA genes to find the sequence of DNA phosphate. It was propsed that there were two possible explanations of the low homology in the plant mitochondrial sequence which shows the eubacterial sequences. Either the mitochondrial sequence branched deeply and the similarity to A. tumefaciens is a coincidence, or the mitochondrial sequence is specifically related to the A. tumefaciens sequence and has diverged from all the sequences due to a more rapid accumulation of mutations. Later in their experiment they compute and compare the archaebacterial sequence and further explained how they are about equally similar to the archaebacterial sequence, and the mitochondrial sequence is significantly less similar indicating a higher rate of divergence of the mitochondrial lineage (1). As a result of this studies the proposed that the earlier studies lacked as specific as mitochondrial relative as A. tumefaciens and as slowly diverging a mitochondrial sequence of the plant mitochondrion, so by analyzing this small difference and found the larger background of sequence divergence in mitochondria. This increased understanding of eubacterial 16S rRNA primary and secondary structure that has led to improved sequence alignments. Thus, the mitochondrial rRNA analysis is now in accord with the conclusions from cytochrome c sequence analysis Mitochondria from all eukaryotic …show more content…
D.Yang, Y.Oyaizu, H. Oyaizu, G.J. Olsen, and C. R. Woese. 1985 Mitochondrial origins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82, 4443-4447.
2. Sanjur OI, Piperno DR, Andres TC, Wessel-Beaver L. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a Mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 99, 535–540.
3. Esposti MD, Chouaia B, Comandatore F, Crotti E, Sassera D, Lievens PM-J, Daffonchio D, Bandi C. 2014 Evolution of Mitochondria reconstructed from the energy metabolism of living bacteria. PLoS ONE 9, 1-22.
1. Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. 1979 Rapid evolution of animal Mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 76,1967–1971.
2. Kikuchi T, Afrin T, Yoshida M. 2016 Complete Mitochondrial genomes of four entomopathogenic Nematode species of the genus Steinernema. Parasites Vectors P&V, 9, 1-8.
3. Montelli S, Peruffo A, Patarnello T, Cozzi B, Negrisolo E. 2016 Back to water: Signature of adaptive evolution in Cetacean Mitochondrial tRNAs. PLOS ONE, PLoS ONE
performed the experiment on Agobacterium tumefaciens by straining and cloning the rRNA genes to find the sequence of DNA phosphate. It was propsed that there were two possible explanations of the low homology in the plant mitochondrial sequence which shows the eubacterial sequences. Either the mitochondrial sequence branched deeply and the similarity to A. tumefaciens is a coincidence, or the mitochondrial sequence is specifically related to the A. tumefaciens sequence and has diverged from all the sequences due to a more rapid accumulation of mutations. Later in their experiment they compute and compare the archaebacterial sequence and further explained how they are about equally similar to the archaebacterial sequence, and the mitochondrial sequence is significantly less similar indicating a higher rate of divergence of the mitochondrial lineage (1). As a result of this studies the proposed that the earlier studies lacked as specific as mitochondrial relative as A. tumefaciens and as slowly diverging a mitochondrial sequence of the plant mitochondrion, so by analyzing this small difference and found the larger background of sequence divergence in mitochondria. This increased understanding of eubacterial 16S rRNA primary and secondary structure that has led to improved sequence alignments. Thus, the mitochondrial rRNA analysis is now in accord with the conclusions from cytochrome c sequence analysis Mitochondria from all eukaryotic …show more content…
D.Yang, Y.Oyaizu, H. Oyaizu, G.J. Olsen, and C. R. Woese. 1985 Mitochondrial origins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82, 4443-4447.
2. Sanjur OI, Piperno DR, Andres TC, Wessel-Beaver L. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a Mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 99, 535–540.
3. Esposti MD, Chouaia B, Comandatore F, Crotti E, Sassera D, Lievens PM-J, Daffonchio D, Bandi C. 2014 Evolution of Mitochondria reconstructed from the energy metabolism of living bacteria. PLoS ONE 9, 1-22.
1. Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. 1979 Rapid evolution of animal Mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 76,1967–1971.
2. Kikuchi T, Afrin T, Yoshida M. 2016 Complete Mitochondrial genomes of four entomopathogenic Nematode species of the genus Steinernema. Parasites Vectors P&V, 9, 1-8.
3. Montelli S, Peruffo A, Patarnello T, Cozzi B, Negrisolo E. 2016 Back to water: Signature of adaptive evolution in Cetacean Mitochondrial tRNAs. PLOS ONE, PLoS ONE