Pharmaceutical pollutants pose a drastic issue for the environment as a whole. Pharmaceuticals are extensively used for the health care of humans, which results in their detection in the environmental waters. Because these medications are consumed every day, they end up in local oceans, rivers, lakes, and possibly even into the drinking water if it has not been properly treated. Pharmaceutical pollutants have devastating effects on the environment, in particular, the aquatic animals in the environment. Some of the most commonly ingested non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs found in the waters are aspirin, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole. The residues presented by these pharmaceutical pollutants are proving to negatively
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These side effects include, but are not limited to: ulcerations, abdominal burning, pain, cramping, nausea, and liver toxicity. Some other significant side effects include kidney impairment, fluid retention, blood clot, heart attacks, hypertension, and heart failure. In recent studies, rainbow trout living near wastewater treatment plants were exposed to diclofenac.^5 Rainbow trout that were exposed to this drug appreciated a buildup of the drug itself and its metabolites in their bile. Other than diclofenac’s effect on rainbow trout, it has induced tubular necrosis in the kidneys of certain species of fish and hyperplasia and fusion of the microvilli in the intestine. It has also been reported that the plasma thyroid in Indian carp have been affected by this drug. There is evidence that shows that prolonged exposure to diclofenac in the environment can lead to renal lesions and alterations of the …show more content…
Advanced oxidation processes consist of a combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, different radiation sources with the aid of catalysts, and photocatalytic ozonation processes.^4 These processes are currently of high interest because they lead to an increase of hydroxyl radical formation. Hydroxyl radicals are extremely reactive, and they synthesize the pharmaceutical’s mineralization.^3 It has been deduced that diclofenac is quickly degraded by direct photolysis under normal environmental conditions. Direct photolysis is a way of mineralizing diclofenac using light energy; however, in recent studies, the removal of diclofenac by ozonization and advanced oxidation processes have reported complete degradation. On the contrary, these techniques are tertiary treatment techniques, which are very costly. In recent studies, the photo-Fenton reaction has deduced that total mineralization of diclofenac can be achieved using low-cost, easy to use technology. Also, with the research of biologically produced manganese oxides, the reactants are cost-effective because the manganese oxides can be
These side effects include, but are not limited to: ulcerations, abdominal burning, pain, cramping, nausea, and liver toxicity. Some other significant side effects include kidney impairment, fluid retention, blood clot, heart attacks, hypertension, and heart failure. In recent studies, rainbow trout living near wastewater treatment plants were exposed to diclofenac.^5 Rainbow trout that were exposed to this drug appreciated a buildup of the drug itself and its metabolites in their bile. Other than diclofenac’s effect on rainbow trout, it has induced tubular necrosis in the kidneys of certain species of fish and hyperplasia and fusion of the microvilli in the intestine. It has also been reported that the plasma thyroid in Indian carp have been affected by this drug. There is evidence that shows that prolonged exposure to diclofenac in the environment can lead to renal lesions and alterations of the …show more content…
Advanced oxidation processes consist of a combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, different radiation sources with the aid of catalysts, and photocatalytic ozonation processes.^4 These processes are currently of high interest because they lead to an increase of hydroxyl radical formation. Hydroxyl radicals are extremely reactive, and they synthesize the pharmaceutical’s mineralization.^3 It has been deduced that diclofenac is quickly degraded by direct photolysis under normal environmental conditions. Direct photolysis is a way of mineralizing diclofenac using light energy; however, in recent studies, the removal of diclofenac by ozonization and advanced oxidation processes have reported complete degradation. On the contrary, these techniques are tertiary treatment techniques, which are very costly. In recent studies, the photo-Fenton reaction has deduced that total mineralization of diclofenac can be achieved using low-cost, easy to use technology. Also, with the research of biologically produced manganese oxides, the reactants are cost-effective because the manganese oxides can be