Clarence C. Gravlee further argued his point that the concept of race is multilayered and must be researched with both environmental and biological influencing the outcome, respectively (2009, p.51). With this in mind, he proceeded to introduce a new concept in his research article, How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality, that supports the argument against biology playing a prominent role as the cause for a certain racial group’s prevalent diseases. Gravlee found that racial groups that grew up and were exposed to social inequalities due to their race begin to embody this mindset (2009, p.51). The effects of having such a mindset involve certain biological functions deteriorating or not performing correctly. When analyzed even further, they have discovered that institutionalized racism plays a pivotal role towards racial disparities in health because it denies the individuals from increasing their socioeconomic status, which will reflect their individual wealth (Gravlee, 2009, p.52). As we have discovered earlier, an individual’s socioeconomic status affects their health significantly as they are exposed to more stressful conditions and way of living. It is also worth noting that women who had Arabic names and were pregnant after the events of 9/11 had an …show more content…
David R. Williams and Selina A. Mohammed argued in their research article, Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health: Evidence and Needed Research, that racism and all of its subdivisions are the underlying causes behind the prevalent diseases found in certain racial groups. They argued that not all stress related experiences lead to disease, however, they found that there are certain experiences that can lead to such diseases (Williams & Mohammed, 2009, p.11). The researchers found that residential segregation and experiences of discrimination are a few that lead to and develop long-term negative health problems. For example, Williams and Mohammed found that minority groups in the U.S are segregated and placed together to inhabit low-income neighborhoods in poverty-like conditions (Williams & Mohammed, 2009, p.14). In these neighborhoods, these racially segregated groups experience much more economic hardships and are unable to obtain the resources to exercise good-health practices (Williams & Mohammed, 2009, p.15). Due to the lack of healthcare and educational facilities in these minority condensed neighborhoods, the increase and growing severity in their prevalent diseases seems inevitable when compared to their racial counterpart. This study seems to support the notion that the reason certain