CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Incomplete Carbon Glucose
Preparation for sulfonated solid acid catalyst must undergo a process which is called carbonization or pyrolysis. Glucose is natural organic compounds had been used as starting raw material because it is cheap and less toxic. Carbonization is an important step before the sulfonation process because it will form amorphous carbon composed of small carbon sheets [B] and produced sites for sulfonic group to be attached or inserted into the small of non-graphitic carbon during sulfonation.
After the carbonization process of the D(+)-glucose in the furnace at high temperature (400 C) with inert environment which is to avoid burning the raw material to ash [1-2007 zong], …show more content…
It is very important to have the organic starting material in form of amorphous carbon because it can incorporate with large amounts of hydrophilic molecules including water and later the sulfonic group into the carbon bulk (Nakajima 2012). A good access of ICG with sulfonic group will increase the amount of sulfonic group to attach to the pre-cursor material and will increase the catalytic performance. This is due to the high densities of hydrophilic functional group bonded to the flexible carbon …show more content…
As have been mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the objective of this study is to do comparison of physico-chemical properties catalysts from different types of sulfonation methods and the effect to catalytic performance in biodiesel production. Therefore, there are four types of sulfonation methods had been used to synthesis the carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst; method 1: sulfonation by thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4), method 2: sulfonation by thermal treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), method 3: sulfonation by in-situ chlorosulfonic acid in chloroform and method 4: sulfonation by in-situ polymerisation of poly(sodium4-styrenesulphonate), method 4. Among all, sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4 is the most common method used to prepare carbon based solid acid catalyst [1-2014]. Therefore, this method has been used as reference parameter for the comparison with other methods such as catalytic performance, FFA conversion and FAME
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Incomplete Carbon Glucose
Preparation for sulfonated solid acid catalyst must undergo a process which is called carbonization or pyrolysis. Glucose is natural organic compounds had been used as starting raw material because it is cheap and less toxic. Carbonization is an important step before the sulfonation process because it will form amorphous carbon composed of small carbon sheets [B] and produced sites for sulfonic group to be attached or inserted into the small of non-graphitic carbon during sulfonation.
After the carbonization process of the D(+)-glucose in the furnace at high temperature (400 C) with inert environment which is to avoid burning the raw material to ash [1-2007 zong], …show more content…
It is very important to have the organic starting material in form of amorphous carbon because it can incorporate with large amounts of hydrophilic molecules including water and later the sulfonic group into the carbon bulk (Nakajima 2012). A good access of ICG with sulfonic group will increase the amount of sulfonic group to attach to the pre-cursor material and will increase the catalytic performance. This is due to the high densities of hydrophilic functional group bonded to the flexible carbon …show more content…
As have been mentioned earlier in Chapter 1, the objective of this study is to do comparison of physico-chemical properties catalysts from different types of sulfonation methods and the effect to catalytic performance in biodiesel production. Therefore, there are four types of sulfonation methods had been used to synthesis the carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst; method 1: sulfonation by thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4), method 2: sulfonation by thermal treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), method 3: sulfonation by in-situ chlorosulfonic acid in chloroform and method 4: sulfonation by in-situ polymerisation of poly(sodium4-styrenesulphonate), method 4. Among all, sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4 is the most common method used to prepare carbon based solid acid catalyst [1-2014]. Therefore, this method has been used as reference parameter for the comparison with other methods such as catalytic performance, FFA conversion and FAME