A philosopher named A.J. Ayer would interpret Holbach's ideas. He believes that free will is compatible with determinism. He interprets Holbach's understanding of causal law, he argues that the laws of nature does not guarantee that something will happen a hundred percent. He wants to believe that human beings can be held responsible for their actions, if determinism is true. So he interprets determinism in a different way than Holbach, by simplifying the subject in his own words.…
1. What is Noonan 's "Argument from Probabilities?" How does this argument work, and what does he think it implies about the morality or immorality of abortion? The argument from probabilities is not aimed at establishing an objective discontinuity which may be taken into account in moral disclosure.…
Let’s call this premise, Premise 4. It states “In order for an action of yours to be free, you must have the ability to act otherwise” (Kane 24) which leads us to the second conclusion of The Consequence Argument which says “If determinism is true, then no one could have acted otherwise, therefore free will is impossible” (Kane…
Within this essay, I will argue that Galen Strawson’s basic argument, presented in Your Move: The Maze of Free Will, is correct about the impossibility of ultimate moral responsibility. I will do this by first explaining the basic argument as proposed by Strawson, then raising an objection to it concerning the distinction between the self and the way you are by denying the second premise. And finally, I will be refuting the objection. Strawson’s basic argument can be boiled down to the simple notion that one cannot be ultimately morally responsible. He claims that anything you do in any circumstance is an effect of who you are, and the way you are.…
Human behaviors, actions, desires and memories are all subjects that are discussed in everyday philosophy. Philosophy is defined as the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Philosophy has a lot to do with the future. When it comes to philosophy the future is already set and no one knows what will happen until the time comes and that is called hard determinism. Hard determinism is a theory that human behavior and actions are determined by external factors, and therefore humans do not have genuine free will or ethical accountability.…
The discussion of morals and moral responsibility is deep-seated in the classic philosophical repertoire. A closely related matter, and a frequent objection to moral responsibility, is determinism, the idea that given the initial state and laws of the universe, all future events and outcomes are completely determined. Over the course of this paper, I describe a particular theory for how moral responsibility can exist even in a deterministic universe. One prominent view in the realm of moral responsibility is the libertarian stance.…
In this article, W.T Stace defends the view of compatibilism, which is also known as “soft determinism.” He argues that every event in one’s life is inevitable and is the result of past affairs, which also leads him to the belief that free will is indeed consistent with determinism. Near the end of the article he also explores the notion of moral responsibility and it’s compatibility with free will. Stace begins by briefly outlining the significance of free will because if someone has no control over their actions how can they be punished or rewarded for the way the act? He believes that many people entirely deny the concept of free will.…
Keeping our Authenticity Freedom, authenticity, and the legitimacy of our memories are called to question when one tries to reconcile the complex notions brought forward by two philosophers. Sartre’s notions of authenticity and bad faith call to question the genuine motives behind our actions in the present, but what does that mean about our actions in the past? Can one recover from a past of bad faith, can one bad faith and emerge a changed person with the use of our memories in the work towards authenticity? Or in contrast can someone fall from a past in freedom to one in bad faith because of what one has done in the past? These questions are only made more complex with Strawson’s revisionist theory.…
3. If determinism is true, then we could not have acted freely. To understand the argument, we must first know what “determinism” and “free will” are.…
Chapter nine in Problems from Philosophy by James Rachels and Stuart Rachels titled “The Debate Over Free Will” is about the three arguments over free will. They are Determinism, Libertarianism, and Compatibilism. The Determinism argument is, as Rachels states, that our actions are manipulated by forces we cannot control. The second argument Rachels presents is Libertarianism which states that some actions we freely choose and that we are also not made to do so. The last argument is Compatibilism and according to Rachels, it states that actions are both free and determined.…
Today`s society persuaded the majority of American to believe that if you are certain in an idea or scenario than nothing can deactivate it, which is a valuable concept. To believe in yourself can truly push people to new heights to do things never considered before. In the case of the Wright Brothers, their predecessors could not fathom the idea of man being able to fly, however Wilbur and Orville were certain they could find a way, and they did. A healthy amount of doubt is a good quality and should not be ignored. However,to be utterly and completely certain about everyting is to be naive.…
Introduction I. In this paper, I will be arguing for the following claim that we, human beings are not predetermined beings, but rather we have free will. It has long been argued that people are not free and do not have free will; that rather than having free will we live in a world that is predetermined. That our choices and actions are reflections of and happen because of a long line of other choices and action that caused the present, and thus we have a fixed future. This is just not the case.…
Humans think that we have free will, but how free are we actually. When you make a choice you think that it is free will. But really that was what you were supposed to choose all along. We all have a path that our lives will follow no matter what we do. Now are we still free?…
The philosophical question of free will has been debated for years and has spawned many theories, papers and never ending arguments. Soft determinism along side with hard determinism and libertarianism make up the three theories of free will. By focusing on the works of Stace and Cahn, I aim to prove that the idea of soft determinism is not an inherently flawed argument and that free will and determinism are compatible. In the argument of free will, soft determinism falls in the middle between hard determinism and libertarianism.…
In the majority of cases, it is easy for others to be certain that an individual is responsible for their actions. This is less accurate in circumstances where an individual has presumably no other choice; people tend to believe if for some reason you have no choice but to do something it is inherently not your fault. An individual can be held morally responsible even in the cases where they lack the free will to choose as Frankfurt contended. Throughout this paper, I will discuss points supporting my thesis, reasons to believe it is valid, examples supporting my opinion, and reasons I believe this is true. Human beings are morally responsible for their actions despite whether or not they can make choices freely.…