Special education emerged in the context of social reform, inspired by belief in natural rights and individual worth, and the conviction that, through education, every person can contribute to society (Cushner, McClelland & Safford, 2012). The authors maintain in important respects, it began as a rescue mission. In 1860 nearly two thirds of the countless “unfortunates” who languished in American almshouses were children with sensory or other physical or cognitive impairments. By the 1870s, state Boards of Charities, supporting the work of local benevolent societies, had undertaken a major “child-saving” effort, organized nationally as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. In some families of more privileged circumstance, parents advocated for schooling for their children, a tradition of parent advocacy that since has been pivotal in bringing about major policy reforms.
Cushner, McClelland and Safford (2012) explain specialized instruction had begun its gradual move into the common schools by the beginning of the 20th century. At the same time, school officials, pressed by Settlement leaders like Lillian Wald and Jane Addams, were struggling to meet the challenge of pupil diversity compounded by massive immigration from southern and Eastern Europe. Special classes were a facet of a …show more content…
Board of Education in regard to race. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was interpreted to give parents specific rights to prior notice, to discuss changes in a child’s education plan before they occurred, and to appeal decisions made by school districts. Two critical cases laying out these rights were Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of
Cushner, McClelland and Safford (2012) explain specialized instruction had begun its gradual move into the common schools by the beginning of the 20th century. At the same time, school officials, pressed by Settlement leaders like Lillian Wald and Jane Addams, were struggling to meet the challenge of pupil diversity compounded by massive immigration from southern and Eastern Europe. Special classes were a facet of a …show more content…
Board of Education in regard to race. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was interpreted to give parents specific rights to prior notice, to discuss changes in a child’s education plan before they occurred, and to appeal decisions made by school districts. Two critical cases laying out these rights were Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of