Solar Energy In Singapore

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In its most elementary form, a solar photovoltaic (PV) cell converts solar energy (photons) into electricity (voltage). A solar PV cell is comprised of two doped layers of semiconductor material and generates low-level voltage (less than 1 V). A solar PV module refers to a series of solar PV cells connected together (to generate higher voltage) and laminated into a durable package. A solar panel is formed from the interconnection of several solar PV modules. Finally, a solar PV system is made up of several solar PV panels (arrays) which are series-connected or parallel-connected to generate higher voltage or current. It is comprised of balance-of-system (BOS) components such as an inverter (to convert DC to AC), a smart controller, tracking …show more content…
The Energy Market Company (EMC) was formed as a subsidiary of the EMA to operate the National Electricity Market of Singapore (NEMS) which is comprised of competitive wholesale and retail electricity markets. Singapore is uniquely the first country in Asia to own a competitive wholesale market. Its electricity industry has been restructured through the separation of generation and retail from the natural monopoly of transmission at the ownership level. The wholesale market comprises of the spot (real-time) market and the procurement market. In the spot market, buyers and sellers trade energy, reserve and regulation through the EMC. In the procurement market, the EMC procures by contract, on behalf of the Power System Operator (PSO), ancillary services required to maintain secure system operation. In the retail market, consumers with average monthly consumption of 4 MWh and above will have the option of buying electricity from a retailer either directly or indirectly. Figure X below shows the market structure and participants of the …show more content…
As shown in Figure X below, transmission availability is relatively high with an average of 97.29%. In order to maintain a stable and reliable grid, both voltage and frequency must be regulated within specified limits by matching supply to demand. Since 2012, the Intelligent Energy System (IES), a two-phase smart grid project featuring demand response, home automation and building management components has been implemented. The IES also leveraged Silver Spring’s MicroAP Technology and a RF mesh canopy network to reach geographically dispersed customers, and maintains a 99.5% meter read success rate. Overall, these numbers reflect a highly developed and advanced electricity infrastructure in

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