3.1. Types of solar cells There are 3 main types of commercially available cells:
3.1.1Mono crystalline Silicon PV& Polycrystalline Silicon PV
The occupational health issues are associated to chemical burns and inhalation of fumes from hydro fluoric acid (HF) and other solutions of acids (e.g., HNO3) and alkalis (e.g., NaOH) used for cleaning wafers ,removing complete oxide layer, and cleaning the reactor. Performing the slicing of wafers also results in solid waste for example (e.g., small pieces of stainless-steel wire, and coarse slurry composed of silicon carbide), and liquid waste (e.g., mineral-oil-based or glycol-based, water-soluble material slurry).
3.1.2 Amorphous Silicon PV
The main safety hazard of this manufacturing …show more content…
Manufacturing of Cd-Te solar cells can cause occupational health risks because cadmium compounds are used in both liquid and powdered form, there is a possibility by chance they get isolated. The occupational health hazards accessible by Cd and Te compounds in various production steps vary with the compounds' toxicities, their physical state, and the way of exposure. No clinical data are available on human health effects associated with exposure to Cd Te. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), indicated that they consider all Cd compounds (including Cd -Te) to be toxic.
4. PV manufacturing hazard
Photovoltaic cell fabrication facilities may unfavorably affect occupational and public health by discharging pollutants during schedule operation or accidental events. A large variety of materials were used in manufacturing of photovoltaic components; There are a range of environmental impacts from the manufacturing of PV systems depending on the type of solar cell: multi crystalline and mono crystalline, or thin-film (e.g., Cd- Te, a-Si, CIS/CIGS). The actual hazard to health posed by these materials depends on their inbuilt toxicological properties, and the intensity, frequency, and duration of human …show more content…
PV industry is experiencing unexpected growth; there will be enlarged need to recycle the large amount of discarded solar modules. Because recycling is economically adverse this will finally lead to economic stress on voluntary initiatives .Consequently, unless recycling of solar modules is regulated in the future, it is likely that these types of voluntary initiatives will not be maintained and hazardous materials will begin to enter local waste streams However, it is critical that regulation of recycling in PV manufacturing does not provide a competitive advantage to the more environmentally destructive forms of electricity production. Therefore, it is imperative that appropriate policies are instituted taking the future into account and minimizing environmental damage. [8.] PV recycling has still potential for development. For example Deutsche Solar recycles silicon wafer by treating fluorine and acetic acid in afterburner and washer and recycled wafers show improved performance compared to the original wafers
3.1.1Mono crystalline Silicon PV& Polycrystalline Silicon PV
The occupational health issues are associated to chemical burns and inhalation of fumes from hydro fluoric acid (HF) and other solutions of acids (e.g., HNO3) and alkalis (e.g., NaOH) used for cleaning wafers ,removing complete oxide layer, and cleaning the reactor. Performing the slicing of wafers also results in solid waste for example (e.g., small pieces of stainless-steel wire, and coarse slurry composed of silicon carbide), and liquid waste (e.g., mineral-oil-based or glycol-based, water-soluble material slurry).
3.1.2 Amorphous Silicon PV
The main safety hazard of this manufacturing …show more content…
Manufacturing of Cd-Te solar cells can cause occupational health risks because cadmium compounds are used in both liquid and powdered form, there is a possibility by chance they get isolated. The occupational health hazards accessible by Cd and Te compounds in various production steps vary with the compounds' toxicities, their physical state, and the way of exposure. No clinical data are available on human health effects associated with exposure to Cd Te. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), indicated that they consider all Cd compounds (including Cd -Te) to be toxic.
4. PV manufacturing hazard
Photovoltaic cell fabrication facilities may unfavorably affect occupational and public health by discharging pollutants during schedule operation or accidental events. A large variety of materials were used in manufacturing of photovoltaic components; There are a range of environmental impacts from the manufacturing of PV systems depending on the type of solar cell: multi crystalline and mono crystalline, or thin-film (e.g., Cd- Te, a-Si, CIS/CIGS). The actual hazard to health posed by these materials depends on their inbuilt toxicological properties, and the intensity, frequency, and duration of human …show more content…
PV industry is experiencing unexpected growth; there will be enlarged need to recycle the large amount of discarded solar modules. Because recycling is economically adverse this will finally lead to economic stress on voluntary initiatives .Consequently, unless recycling of solar modules is regulated in the future, it is likely that these types of voluntary initiatives will not be maintained and hazardous materials will begin to enter local waste streams However, it is critical that regulation of recycling in PV manufacturing does not provide a competitive advantage to the more environmentally destructive forms of electricity production. Therefore, it is imperative that appropriate policies are instituted taking the future into account and minimizing environmental damage. [8.] PV recycling has still potential for development. For example Deutsche Solar recycles silicon wafer by treating fluorine and acetic acid in afterburner and washer and recycled wafers show improved performance compared to the original wafers