The Strain Theory And Theory Of The Beltway Sniper Attacks

Improved Essays
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICAL THINKING
By Seth Owen

The Beltway sniper attacks were a string of killings that occurred between October 2, 2002 and October 22, 2002 in Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C. The perpetrators, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, claimed ten victims and wounded seven others during the attacks. Their criminal activity began in February, 2002 with a series of murders and robberies in eight different states which left seven dead and seven wounded. The shootings were carried out with a Bushmaster XM-15 rifle fired through a hole in the rear of a blue Chevrolet Caprice. In each attack, the perpetrators killed their victims with a single round fired at considerable range and then drove away. The offenders were eventually
…show more content…
Differential association theory points to the idea that the people one surrounds themselves with has an effect on their likelihood of becoming a criminal. This theory states that individuals learn criminal behaviors from others, including attitudes, motives, and rationalizations for criminal behavior. The essential learning of criminal behavior occurs within the personal groups one is intimate with. …show more content…
The theory revolves around the idea that people feel strain due to not meeting cultural goals. Society tends to dictate certain cultural goals for people, such as success or wealth, while circumstance can hinder the culturally accepted means of achieving those goals. (5) This can cause some people to strive for the same cultural goals without using culturally accepted means to achieve them. In cases where people don’t accept the cultural goals or the institutionalized means of achieving them, and choose instead to replace them, this is called rebellion. Rebels choose to attempt to give society new goals and methods to achieve them, which is a driving force behind revolutionaries.

Related Documents

  • Superior Essays

    Wortopolis Case Study

    • 1050 Words
    • 4 Pages

    The relative deprivation theory can only explain crime that was committed by people who may not be as fortunate as others may. It can only explain crime that was committed by people who were relatively deprived in comparison to the standard. The social bond theory faces a limitation when it comes to establishment as a reason behind crime. The social bond theory has elements, which are difficult to establish because they are often personal. The four categories of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are often held internally and can only be measured when it has an impact on society through crime.…

    • 1050 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    When empirically tested against other theories it generally shows more validity than other theories. The central concept of Social Learning Theory is that probability of whether or not a person will engage in deviant behavior is determined by the definitions held by the individual, and the influences upon him, at any given time (Burgess & Akers, 1966). Or put Pennington 6 differently, criminal behavior can be predicted by an individual’s beliefs, in a given situation. Akers identified four main concepts in his theory: differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation (Burgess & Akers, 1966). Differential association states that the greatest effect on behavior comes from the earlier associations that have a longer duration, occur frequently and involve those who one is close to.…

    • 1652 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    There have been four United States Presidents assassinated; however, no presidential assassination has been shrouded in as much controversy as the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of The United States and was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, while riding in the presidential limousine through Dealey Plaza with his wife Jacqueline Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally (Ling 50). The believed assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was believed to have assassinated President Kennedy using an Italian made bolt-action Carcano rifle, and executed the assassination from the fifth story of the Texas School Book Depository. Texas Nightclub owner Jack Ruby just two…

    • 1685 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Of Injustice and Insurgence When confronted by oppression and exploitation, some individuals possess certain traits that predispose them towards eventual rebellion against these forces. There is no better character to exemplify this than Leah Price seeing as her bravery and inquisitiveness work in conjunction to incite her to challenge her father’s authority. From the beginning of the Poisonwood Bible, Nathan’s despotic ways are evident as he forbids the Price women from exploring Kilanga or interacting with its villagers. As the novel progresses and Leah grows increasingly distant from Nathan, Orleanna lauds her daughter’s newfound insubordinate nature and implores that she refrain from being preyed on by Nathan’s hunger for dominance. “For…

    • 611 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    In Russell Tiller’s documentary The Seven Five, the characters Michael Dowd and Adam Diaz were ideal ‘criminals’ to analyse using theories that we discussed in class. I will be using four theories to explain why those two characters were committing criminal acts. The four theories I plan to use are learning theory, self control theory, general strain theory, and differential association. I would like to start with Michael Dowd. He was known to be fearless, he was known to not care if he got busted, and he learned a lot of this behavior because of his fellow peers.…

    • 1049 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    As well, criminal behaviour varies with reward and punishment experience. Therefore, any rewards for deviance leads to crime, is called Social Process Theory. Whereas Differential Association theorists believe that if the way you learn most behaviour is alike learning how to commit a crime, and exposure to negative attitudes and values of crime, a crime will be committed. Social Control Theory expresses that majority of people will not carry crimes based on social bonds. If there is a weakening in social bonds, crime can rise.…

    • 1172 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    Many comparable definitions of what constitutes as “terrorism” exist today, but Bruce Hoffman provides one of the most complete definitions in his book Inside Terrorism. He affirms that terrorism is (1) violence, or the threat of violence, (2) with political goals, (3) that is carried out by a group (4) or organization, (5) that has widespread ramifications and consequences (Hoffman, 2-3). Although there are a host of potential causes of Islamic terrorism, only one can adequately explain its dissension with the United States: the perpetual class struggle that goes on between the United States and the Middle East. Possible causes of Islamic terrorism include religious beliefs, ideological beliefs, oppressive political regime, etc. The goal of…

    • 1314 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning (Ashley…

    • 1126 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Dylan Roff's Theory

    • 744 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Sutherland’s theory exemplifies the idea of obtaining, maintaining, and withholding criminal traits based on your surroundings. Differential association doesn’t discriminate so anyone is capable of learning crime. People in similar circumstances don’t commit crime because of the people they chose to be around. If I could add something to the theory it would be further explaining kids that grow up in positive homes and still chose to learn crime. Which leads me to wonder if the television or even video games can be considered differential association.…

    • 744 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Sutherland Differential Association Theory Introduction There are a large number of factors that come into play when dealing with the subject of the Sutherland Differential Association Theory. The first issue that will be covered in respects to the actual theory itself is the historical foundation of the theory, which is the basis for how the theory came into being in the criminal justice community. Concepts and propositions are also factors to be considered when dealing with the Sutherland Differential Association Theory. This will assist in the explanation of the basis of the theory.…

    • 1333 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Exposure To Violence

    • 1087 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Edwin Sutherland penned the phrase “differential association” to explain how people learn deviance. According to Sutherland’s theory, the environment plays a monumental role in people deciding which norms to violate. People learn their norms from family, parents, friends, teachers, and others within their community. People learn antisocial, criminal, or delinquent behavior, like other behaviors, from their interactions with others, especially in the close-knit circle of family and friends. According to Sutherland, people exhibit deviant behavior because they associate with people who behave in a deviant manner.…

    • 1087 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    This means that through interactions with others, individuals learn the motives, techniques, attitudes, and values for criminal behavior. This theory included nine principles. The most fascinating principle is the first: criminal behavior is learned. Being one of the first to state that criminal behavior is the outcome of normal social processes, resulting when individual associate with the wrong type of people, through no fault of their own. This means that even if the wrong type of people are parents or peers, an individual will necessarily choose to take part in criminal behavior because this is only what they have…

    • 1228 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    The Differential Association Theory is defined as, “Criminological Theory devised by Edwin Sutherland asserting that criminal behavior is behavior learned through association with others who communicate their values and attitudes.” (Walsh & Hemmens, 2014). This theory highlights the reasoning behind what makes criminal behaviors occur and why people commit criminal acts in a way that neglects psychological concepts and principles. The Social Learning Theory is defined as, “A theory designed to explain how people learn criminal behavior using the psychological principles of operant conditioning.” This theory explains the ways in which people learn to commit criminal acts and behaviors, unlike Differential Association Theory which describes a…

    • 1706 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Great Essays

    The degree of influence one receives from messages favoring deviant behavior varies by intensity, priority, frequency, and duration proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior” (enotes 2015). This theory focuses on how individuals learn to become criminals, but it does not concern itself with why they become criminals. The theory predicts that “an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. This will be reinforced if social association provides active people in the person 's life. The earlier in life an individual comes under the influence high status people within a group, the more likely the individual is to follow in their footsteps.…

    • 1721 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    637). Social learning can be applied to multiple aspects of criminology and this is what makes learning theory an ideal theory to be researched and studied. Learning Theory has been around for some time, and was not an original theory to be researched. It originated from the search for an explanation to the causes of crime and choices made. Akers’ got the idea from a past heavily criticized theory known as differential association theory.…

    • 1197 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays