Background
It is well recognised that exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of skin cancer (World Health Organisation IARC 1992). Worryingly recent studies have shown that UV levels have increased due to the reduction of stratospheric ozone (World Meteorological Organization 2010). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that in the event of a 10% decrease in stratospheric ozone an additional 304,500 cases of skin cancer will occur globally each year (UNEP 1998). The face is one of the highest risk sites for UV exposure (Wang et al. 2014) and cancers of the eyelid, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, account for five to 10 percent of all skin cancers (Cook …show more content…
However, to achieve the degree of photoprotection reported on the labels, sufficient amounts with adequate coverage are needed. Studies have shown that on average users apply around a third of the recommended amounts (Bataillet al 2013). One of the reasons reported for this is a lack of knowledge on how to apply the products correctly (Jeanmougin et al. 2014).
To be able to provide protection to the periocular regions of the face, application techniques would need the suncream to be applied close to the lash line. Ideally UV filters should have a high affinity for the outer layers of the skins epithelium, the stratum corneum (SC), producing a protective film. However migration of the product onto the ocular surface is potentially greater the closer the application is to the eye. The ingredients, although beneficial for photoprotection on the skin, may interfere with the ocular surface and could induce or exacerbate dry eye …show more content…
The study design will be a cross sectional study with a pre-treatment/post treatment element to measure the change in the situation. Exclusion criteria are LASIK surgery, contacts lenses worn on the day of assessment and any allergies to sun cream ingredients.
To be able to identify where the cream has been applied it was thought a tracer would need to added. After some preliminary investigations of diluting Minims Sodium fluorescein 1% w/v with a sun cream in roughly 1:20, 1:200 and 1:2000 ratios, it was discovered that the UV filters were easily identified with no tracer. The sunscreen can be seen simply with a burton lamp and photographs will be taken after application. The covered/omitted areas around the periocular region will be analysed using ImageJ software. Tear film quality and stability will be evaluated non-invasively with the Keeler Tearscope-plus. Tear quality will be semi-qualitatively determined by matching the individual’s tear film with the equivalent pattern in the Guillon-Keeler Tear Film Grading System. Tear stability will be quantitatively assessed by directly viewing the tear film on the corneal surface and measuring the non-invasive break up time. Measurements will be obtained pre-application and post-application of sun
It is well recognised that exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of skin cancer (World Health Organisation IARC 1992). Worryingly recent studies have shown that UV levels have increased due to the reduction of stratospheric ozone (World Meteorological Organization 2010). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that in the event of a 10% decrease in stratospheric ozone an additional 304,500 cases of skin cancer will occur globally each year (UNEP 1998). The face is one of the highest risk sites for UV exposure (Wang et al. 2014) and cancers of the eyelid, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, account for five to 10 percent of all skin cancers (Cook …show more content…
However, to achieve the degree of photoprotection reported on the labels, sufficient amounts with adequate coverage are needed. Studies have shown that on average users apply around a third of the recommended amounts (Bataillet al 2013). One of the reasons reported for this is a lack of knowledge on how to apply the products correctly (Jeanmougin et al. 2014).
To be able to provide protection to the periocular regions of the face, application techniques would need the suncream to be applied close to the lash line. Ideally UV filters should have a high affinity for the outer layers of the skins epithelium, the stratum corneum (SC), producing a protective film. However migration of the product onto the ocular surface is potentially greater the closer the application is to the eye. The ingredients, although beneficial for photoprotection on the skin, may interfere with the ocular surface and could induce or exacerbate dry eye …show more content…
The study design will be a cross sectional study with a pre-treatment/post treatment element to measure the change in the situation. Exclusion criteria are LASIK surgery, contacts lenses worn on the day of assessment and any allergies to sun cream ingredients.
To be able to identify where the cream has been applied it was thought a tracer would need to added. After some preliminary investigations of diluting Minims Sodium fluorescein 1% w/v with a sun cream in roughly 1:20, 1:200 and 1:2000 ratios, it was discovered that the UV filters were easily identified with no tracer. The sunscreen can be seen simply with a burton lamp and photographs will be taken after application. The covered/omitted areas around the periocular region will be analysed using ImageJ software. Tear film quality and stability will be evaluated non-invasively with the Keeler Tearscope-plus. Tear quality will be semi-qualitatively determined by matching the individual’s tear film with the equivalent pattern in the Guillon-Keeler Tear Film Grading System. Tear stability will be quantitatively assessed by directly viewing the tear film on the corneal surface and measuring the non-invasive break up time. Measurements will be obtained pre-application and post-application of sun