1.1 INTRODUCTION
Historically, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have affected the health and readiness of the US military population (De Oliveira, 1951; Rasnake et al., 2005; McKee et al., 2011; Gaydos et al., 2013). According to the US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (AFHSC), chlamydia and gonorrhoea have been the most commonly diagnosed bacterial STIs among service members during 2000-2012 (AFHSC, 2013). During the 13-year period, 239,382 diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea were reported, 71% in personnel less than 25 years old, 51% in Army personnel, and 44% in military women. Literature indicates that bacterial vaginosis, the most frequent type of vaginitis among women of reproductive age, is significantly associated …show more content…
Although these military studies provide information for the development of prevention and intervention programs and offer insights into the dynamics of STI transmission, other risk factors, either social, military, or biological, may be associated with these infections. Bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age, may play a role on STI risk (Spiegel, 1994). To date, only one study has investigated the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia among military women (Yen et al. (2003). Therefore, epidemiological data on this topic is scant in the U.S. …show more content…
Repeat infection with gonorrhea or other common STIs, including chlamydia, may increase the risk of medical complications or sequelae such as PID, infertility and ectopic pregnancy among women, and testicular damage and infertility among men (Hillis et al., 1997; Ross, 2001; Ochsendorf, 2008; and Gimenes et al., 2014). In the US civilian population, two systematic reviews have revealed that the median percentage of repeat gonorrhea infection among men and women was 7% (95% CI = NR) and 12% (95% CI = NA), respectively (Fung et al., 2007; Hosenfeld et al,
Historically, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have affected the health and readiness of the US military population (De Oliveira, 1951; Rasnake et al., 2005; McKee et al., 2011; Gaydos et al., 2013). According to the US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (AFHSC), chlamydia and gonorrhoea have been the most commonly diagnosed bacterial STIs among service members during 2000-2012 (AFHSC, 2013). During the 13-year period, 239,382 diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea were reported, 71% in personnel less than 25 years old, 51% in Army personnel, and 44% in military women. Literature indicates that bacterial vaginosis, the most frequent type of vaginitis among women of reproductive age, is significantly associated …show more content…
Although these military studies provide information for the development of prevention and intervention programs and offer insights into the dynamics of STI transmission, other risk factors, either social, military, or biological, may be associated with these infections. Bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age, may play a role on STI risk (Spiegel, 1994). To date, only one study has investigated the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia among military women (Yen et al. (2003). Therefore, epidemiological data on this topic is scant in the U.S. …show more content…
Repeat infection with gonorrhea or other common STIs, including chlamydia, may increase the risk of medical complications or sequelae such as PID, infertility and ectopic pregnancy among women, and testicular damage and infertility among men (Hillis et al., 1997; Ross, 2001; Ochsendorf, 2008; and Gimenes et al., 2014). In the US civilian population, two systematic reviews have revealed that the median percentage of repeat gonorrhea infection among men and women was 7% (95% CI = NR) and 12% (95% CI = NA), respectively (Fung et al., 2007; Hosenfeld et al,