Serotonin Synthesis

Improved Essays
Show More
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter and paracrine signalling molecule in all bilateral animals, where it mediates gut movements and the animal's perceptions of resource availability. 5-HT was found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) [1] [2]. Approximately 90% of 5-HT in the human body is synthesized and released in the GI tract, and the remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan, through the metabolic intermediate of 5-hydroxytryptophan that is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). Furthermore, TPH is the rate-limiting enzyme in the 5-HT biosynthesis process [3] [4].

Two distinct TPH genes, TPH1 and TPH2 were …show more content…
[7] [8].5-HT influences GI tract physiology (motor and secretory function) following inflammation and is considered important in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Changes in 5-HT content and in EC cell numbers have been reported in association with both IBS and IBD. The abnormal changes of 5-HT are considered to have close correlation with abnormal GI tract motility, visceral hyperalgesia, inflammation etc. [9] …show more content…
The most famous TPH inhibitor is para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) which has been proved effective in treating diarrhea in patients with carcinoid syndrome and emesis induced by chemotherapy. However, pCPA treatments have also been linked to depression and other alterations in CNS function, precluding the development of this agent for therapeutic use. Therefore, finding a TPH1 inhibitor for decreasing the negative effects in CNS is imperative [13] -

Related Documents

  • Decent Essays

    SIBO And IBS Case Study
    • 121 Words
    • 1 Pages

    SIBO And IBS Case Study

    Following the SIBO treatment, significant reduction in IBS symptoms is observed (17, 18). However, more research is warranted in this area. SUMMARY:…

    • 121 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
    Read More
  • Superior Essays

    Aripiprazole Research Paper
    • 1930 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Aripiprazole Research Paper

    Many have the common power to act on serotonin receptors and dopamine…

    • 1930 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Superior Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Summary
    • 449 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Summary

    IBD is an unpredictable disease with magnitude of possible serious complications and variable clinical outcomes even when treated. These patients are often misdiagnosed due to wide range of GI symptoms. Early diagnosis is crucial, but most importantly IBD must be prevented when possible. Since we have growing evidence of that gastric bypass might be a precipitator of IBD, we need better molecular and clinical predictors and indices for development of post operative IBD. Therefore we can enhance the informed decision, in regard to the individual risk and benefit of that patient undergoing bariatric…

    • 449 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study
    • 1525 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study

    1) Name the two types of inflammatory bowel disease and discuss the differences between the two types and their characteristics including diarrhea, rectal bleeding and areas involved? “Inflammatory bowel diseases are of two types: Regional entitis (Crohn’s disease) and Ulcerative colitis”. (Bare, Day, Paul, Smeltzer & Williams, 2010, p. 1172). Regional colitis refers to the inflammation of GI tract and most commonly affects the distal ileum and ascending colon. The inflammation begins with edema and thickening of the mucosa which further results in cobblestone shaped clusters of ulcers.…

    • 1525 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Great Essays

    Matt Ridley
    • 1042 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Matt Ridley

    While reading the book Genome by Matt Ridley, I started to hone in on some of the key topics and main ideas to take away from this novel. It was a very interesting read that introduced new ideas to me. Many of the ideas in the book applied directly to our Biology class. Some topics that were covered in lecture can be directly applied to the book. Matt Ridley talks about many important things in his novel; however, I feel as if the chapters of life, species, and environment are the most relatable to lecture as well as our biology class as a whole.…

    • 1042 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Great Essays
    Read More
  • Decent Essays

    L-Biopterin Research Paper
    • 115 Words
    • 1 Pages

    L-Biopterin Research Paper

    L-Biopterin is the oxidized form of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) [1]. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has been also known as sapropterin. BH4 is an essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes which has used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), melatonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline). BH4 is a cofactor of nitric oxide synthases [2].…

    • 115 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
    Read More
  • Decent Essays

    Serotonin Synthesis Lab Report
    • 72 Words
    • 1 Pages

    Serotonin Synthesis Lab Report

    As people age, their levels of serotonin inevitably decrease. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is crucial for optimal cognitive function and emotional regulation. Serotonin is needed to ensure that the elderly maintain mental well-being and to prevent the onset of depression. Therefore, the experiment that I read was about increasing the amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in elderly women to enhance serotonin synthesis. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the…

    • 72 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Decent Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Selective Selegiline
    • 774 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Selective Selegiline

    Selegiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor typically used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) generally metabolizes tyramine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, whereas in comparison, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) metabolizes mostly dopamine (Youdim, Edmondson, & Tipton, 2006). Following conversion by MAO to its active form, selegiline inactivates MAO by irreversible binding to MAO-B. The differences between the selectivity of the two enzymes should be utilized in treating specific disorders. Despite widespread recognition of MAOI efficacy in treatment of depression, the necessity for dietary restriction leaves these drugs less desired.…

    • 774 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Serotonin Syndrome: A Case Study
    • 362 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Serotonin Syndrome: A Case Study

    To monitor for efficacy in this case, I would expect the patient to take 20 mg of fluoxetine daily for 2-4 weeks and return for a follow-up visit, where she indicate if her symptoms have either resolved or improved. To monitor for toxicity, I would want to look for symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome occurs due to serotonergic drug use and excitability of peripheral and central postsynaptic 5HT-1A and 5Ht-2A receptors (Volpi-Abadie, Kaye, & Kaye, 2013). Serotonin syndrome symptoms can occur approximately 24 hours after a dosage increase, adding a serotonergic agent and overdose (Volpi-Abadie et al., 2013). Symptoms can range from mild to severe and can include: tachycardia, tremors, diaphoresis, hyperthermia, and delirium (Volpi-Abadie et al., 2013).…

    • 362 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Pituitary Gland Synthesis
    • 72 Words
    • 1 Pages

    Pituitary Gland Synthesis

    The pituitary gland produce hormones that active melanocytes to start producing melanin and prevent sunburn. Consequently, the pituitary glands obtains its information from the optic nerve, and when it detects sunlight, the pituitary gland sent signals to active the melanocytes. Therefore, if a person is wearing sunglasses and it is exposed to the sunlight, the pituitary gland do not active the melanocytes, and no melanin is produced, as a result sunburns occurs.…

    • 72 Words
    • 1 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    GI Tract In Immune Response
    • 476 Words
    • 2 Pages

    GI Tract In Immune Response

    Discussion of Relevant Literature In terms of understanding the role of the GI tract in immune response, articles 1 through 3 provided the best information. When trying to understand mechanisms or functions of a body system, it is important to discuss the implications of these mechanisms or functions in relation to what is relatable to the human body. Article 1 explains the role of GALT in the GI tract in relation to allergies, and goes further by discussing celiac disease, which is a common disease of the body.…

    • 476 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Atrial Fibrillation Case Study
    • 1837 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Atrial Fibrillation Case Study

    The damaging forces include the H.pylori infection, secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, and the superimposed injury from environmental or immunologic agents. The mucosal defense mechanism includes bicarbonate secretion, mucous secretion, tight adherence between epithelial cells to prevent acid leakage, good blood supply, and the renewal of the damaged epithelial cells. The H-pylori’s ability to induce inflammation, stimulates the release of cytokines and other mediators of inflammation to contribute to the mucosal damage. The infection in the antrum of the stomach will lead to hypergastrinemia and an increased acid production. The increase in the acid in the duodenum will impair duodenal bicarbonate production, thus reducing the luminal pH in the duodenum.…

    • 1837 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Paper
    • 959 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Paper

    When the stress passes, a negative feedback is triggered to terminate the stress response and bring the body back to a state of homeostasis or eustasis. If the stress becomes chronic or exceeds the organism’s ability to maintain the stress response, it becomes harmful because basal homeostasis cannot be reached. Physiological stress is more frequent than physical stress and it may be induced by various social and emotional triggers. There is strong evidence that IBS is a stress-sensitive disorder. The treatment of IBS should be more focused on stress, whether than laxatives and medication.…

    • 959 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Chronic Animal Model
    • 413 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Chronic Animal Model

    Rats exposed to restraint stress for four days before induction of colitis by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) [56]. Restraint stress, when no other stimuli exist, induces partial re-stimulation of mucosal inflammation in rats, which, had recovered from TNBS colitis six weeks earlier; though no inflammatory changes were detected on the microscope, rise in colonic myloperoxidase was seen. [57]. A duration of restraint stress decreased the TNBS dose needed to re-stimulate colitis in mice, which had recovered from TNBS colitis eight weeks previously [58]. This vulnerability was interchangeable between mice by a population of CD4 rich lymphocytes taken from the mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the spleen, establishing that stress induced re-stimulation depends on the existence of important immune cells.…

    • 413 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Phenylketonuria Case Study
    • 1112 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Phenylketonuria Case Study

    Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive disorder and a common metabolic cause of mental retardation. This inborn error of metabolism is characterized by a deficiency in phenylalanine (Phe) hydroxylase activity, due to mutations in the Phe hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for converting Phe to Tyr and requires the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), molecular oxygen, and iron for its action (Blau et al., 2010). The reductant, BH4 is maintained in the reduced state by the NADH-dependent enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. Decreased PAH activity results in elevated Phe concentrations in blood and body tissue.…

    • 1112 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More

Related Topics

Ready To Get Started?
Discover
Company
Follow
©2024 Cram.com
Privacy Policy |  About Ads |  Site Map |  Advertise  | 
  • Cookie Settings