2.2 Self–efficacy
Self-efficacy is a significant factor in Bandura’s social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the evolvement and exercise of human agency (Bandura 1977, 1986, 1997). Human agency is the idea that people can exert some control over what they do (Bandura 1977, 1986, 1997). Therefore, people are thought to be self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective, and self-regulated. Because people are involved in their own development; the way they think, believe and feel construct some guidelines for their behavior (Bandura, 2008).
Self-efficacy “refers to perceptions of capabilities for performance within a given situation, activity, or domain” (Cervone & Scott, 1995, p. 360). Having a high level of self-efficacy is important to school leadership as it is related to the way leaders think and behave in schools (Petridou, Nicolaidou, & Williams, 2014). McCullers and Bozeman's (2010) found that leaders with higher levels of self-efficacy had a stronger belief in their ability to achieve school and district goals. Additionally, Bandura (2009) emphasized that "when faced with obstacles, setbacks, and failures, those who doubt about …show more content…
Although there are some studies that found a negative effect (Bandura & Jourden, 1991; Vancouver, Thompson, & Williams, 2001), the majority of the literature supports a positive consequence of high levels of self-efficacy (Sitzmann & Ely, 2011; Stajkovic & Lee, 2001). Furthermore, self-efficacy is important in that it mediates to performance because of its influence on both the activities that are pursued and the level of persistence in executing the activities (Bandura, 1997; Yeo and Neal, 2006). The meta-analysis of Stajkovic & Luthans, (1998) found that self-efficacy has been shown to increase performance by 28%, which is a stronger effect than goal setting (10.39%), feedback interventions (13.6%), or behavior modifications
Self-efficacy is a significant factor in Bandura’s social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the evolvement and exercise of human agency (Bandura 1977, 1986, 1997). Human agency is the idea that people can exert some control over what they do (Bandura 1977, 1986, 1997). Therefore, people are thought to be self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective, and self-regulated. Because people are involved in their own development; the way they think, believe and feel construct some guidelines for their behavior (Bandura, 2008).
Self-efficacy “refers to perceptions of capabilities for performance within a given situation, activity, or domain” (Cervone & Scott, 1995, p. 360). Having a high level of self-efficacy is important to school leadership as it is related to the way leaders think and behave in schools (Petridou, Nicolaidou, & Williams, 2014). McCullers and Bozeman's (2010) found that leaders with higher levels of self-efficacy had a stronger belief in their ability to achieve school and district goals. Additionally, Bandura (2009) emphasized that "when faced with obstacles, setbacks, and failures, those who doubt about …show more content…
Although there are some studies that found a negative effect (Bandura & Jourden, 1991; Vancouver, Thompson, & Williams, 2001), the majority of the literature supports a positive consequence of high levels of self-efficacy (Sitzmann & Ely, 2011; Stajkovic & Lee, 2001). Furthermore, self-efficacy is important in that it mediates to performance because of its influence on both the activities that are pursued and the level of persistence in executing the activities (Bandura, 1997; Yeo and Neal, 2006). The meta-analysis of Stajkovic & Luthans, (1998) found that self-efficacy has been shown to increase performance by 28%, which is a stronger effect than goal setting (10.39%), feedback interventions (13.6%), or behavior modifications