Bok (1985) argues that every nation that attempts to gain superiority over another nation does so by conducting several immoral and deceptive act. As a result of those acts, nations across the world has an undetermined level of trust for one another. Every nation view “Encodement, clandestine action, secret wiretapping and scrambling of messages, censorship, and espionage now use methods of unprecedented power.” (Bok 1985, 717) as a criminal act. Trust amongst countries can either be gained through a mutual respect towards each other or continue going the wrong path of unethical conduct. Additional, secrecy is also considered as an ethical dilemma, primarily within the United States. (Bok 1985, 717) Secrecy has the ability to create uncertainties,
