Secondary features are all too familiar to a stutterer. Secondary features are unrelated to speech production; however, many stutterers believe that these features will help them reduce or eliminate the stutter. Examples of secondary features are escape and avoidance behaviors. An escape behavior is a specific behavior that the stutterer believes will reduce or eliminate the stuttered moment. Examples of escape behaviors are shaking your head, widening your eyes, or twitching your shoulder backwards. Since escape behaviors are actually ineffective, the behaviors will change in intensity as their effectiveness lessens. For example, if a stutterer believes nodding his head rapidly will break the stuttered moment or reduce the intensity, when
