Rice is the world’s most important food crop, the staple food, and primary source of food for a large segment of the world population that is more than half of the world’s population. For instance, Asia, which is inhabited by 60 % of the Earth’s people, has produced and consumed more than 90 % of the world’s rice. Gradually, Between the 1960s and 2000s, the production of world 's rice has increased about 300%, from 231x106 tons to 718x106 tons, respectively. Thus, the average of rice per capita has increased more than 20 %. Despite this growing, millions of poor rice consumers still hungry. Currently, it is estimated that the global demand for rice production will continue to rise, where the world needs to produce 25 % more rice as a result
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In classical plant breeding, the distantly related individuals are intentional hybridized to create useful genotypes, but it needs to a long term and several generations to select and evaluate those genotypes (Tester and Langridge, 2010) because it relies on the visual identification of the expressed traits (phenotypes). Therefore, this approach is limited and non-useful to face the growing requirements of food demands globally.
On the other hand, the food security, nowadays, depends on the modern plant breeding because it maintains the time by determining the expressed characteristics using laboratory procedures, instead of the visual identification. Modern plant breeding is also known as molecular breeding. Molecular breeding is one of the applications of molecular biology and biotechnology, as it includes a number of various areas, which are QTL mapping and Gene Discovery, Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Genomic Selection (GS); and Genetic Engineering (GE) (Moose and Mumm, …show more content…
Compared to GE, there is no transformation or alteration of DNA during MAS process; it is just a traditional breeding with molecular markers ' help. Along with further advance of molecular breeding, range of molecular markers have been developed; in the early days, there were protein-based markers such as isoenzymes prior the existence of DNA-based markers those were becoming used extensively after 1980 and were divided into two classes (i) before the discovery of PCR technology like RFLP (Botstein et al., 1980; Tanksley et al., 1989), (ii) after the discovery of PCR technology; this class included AFLP (Vos et al., 1995), RAPD (Williams et al., 1990), and microsatellites or SSRs (Litt and Luty, 1989). During recent past, other molecular markers have been discovered those include SNPs, and microarray- based markers like SFPs, DArT markers, and NGS-based high-throughput markers although many of the old markers are still indispensable (Gupta et al., 1999; Gupta and Varshney, 2000; Langridge and Chalmers, 2004; Mohler and Schwarz, 2005; Gupta, Rustagi, and Mir, 2008; Varshney et al., 2009). In near future, the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) can be the ideal means of choice for discovering new markers for MAS programs to accelerate plant breeding, as reviewed by Mir and Varshney, (2013); and He et al.,
In classical plant breeding, the distantly related individuals are intentional hybridized to create useful genotypes, but it needs to a long term and several generations to select and evaluate those genotypes (Tester and Langridge, 2010) because it relies on the visual identification of the expressed traits (phenotypes). Therefore, this approach is limited and non-useful to face the growing requirements of food demands globally.
On the other hand, the food security, nowadays, depends on the modern plant breeding because it maintains the time by determining the expressed characteristics using laboratory procedures, instead of the visual identification. Modern plant breeding is also known as molecular breeding. Molecular breeding is one of the applications of molecular biology and biotechnology, as it includes a number of various areas, which are QTL mapping and Gene Discovery, Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Genomic Selection (GS); and Genetic Engineering (GE) (Moose and Mumm, …show more content…
Compared to GE, there is no transformation or alteration of DNA during MAS process; it is just a traditional breeding with molecular markers ' help. Along with further advance of molecular breeding, range of molecular markers have been developed; in the early days, there were protein-based markers such as isoenzymes prior the existence of DNA-based markers those were becoming used extensively after 1980 and were divided into two classes (i) before the discovery of PCR technology like RFLP (Botstein et al., 1980; Tanksley et al., 1989), (ii) after the discovery of PCR technology; this class included AFLP (Vos et al., 1995), RAPD (Williams et al., 1990), and microsatellites or SSRs (Litt and Luty, 1989). During recent past, other molecular markers have been discovered those include SNPs, and microarray- based markers like SFPs, DArT markers, and NGS-based high-throughput markers although many of the old markers are still indispensable (Gupta et al., 1999; Gupta and Varshney, 2000; Langridge and Chalmers, 2004; Mohler and Schwarz, 2005; Gupta, Rustagi, and Mir, 2008; Varshney et al., 2009). In near future, the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) can be the ideal means of choice for discovering new markers for MAS programs to accelerate plant breeding, as reviewed by Mir and Varshney, (2013); and He et al.,