A review of Andrew Haley’s article of “Turning the Tables: Restaurants and the Rise of the American Middle Class” by Katherine Leonard Turner (2012) shows readers while American restaurants cater to the upper class diners with French cuisine and have stuffy professional waiters serve them, middle class diners then shape the emerging consumer culture in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Turner maintains how expensive meals at high-class restaurants are consumed by middle class eaters; and that they convert an economic necessity into cultural capital, which centers a concept of cosmopolitanism. By giving an example of middle class people embracing various types of food and drink, such as German beer and Chinese chop suey,
