kidney damage, atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack. If left untreated, it can lead to abruptio placentae, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral vascular accident, acute renal failure, and intrauterine growth restrictions for the fetus (Norton 2007).” This decreased circulation leads to significant changes as follows: Decreased renal perfusion reduces the glomerular filtration rate causing blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels to rise; Glomerular damage from the reduced renal blood flow allowing protein to leak across the glomerular membrane; Loss of protein from the kidneys reduces colloid osmotic pressure allowing fluid to shift to interstitial spaces that may result in hypovolemia or generalized edema; In response to hypovolemia,
