A range of bacterial communities including commensals and pathogens colonize nasopharynx. The pharyngeal inhabitant Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus (GAS)) an adapted human pathogen is a common colonizer of mucous of the mouth, nose and pharynx, is among the many pathogens that most often colonize their host asymptomatically and only occasionally cause disease. Local pharyngeal infection of GAS is manifested as pharyngitis and spread from the local site can cause the systemic diseases sepsis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis (1). S. pyogenes produce a wide array of virulence factors enabling it to adhere, invade and spread within the human host (2). One of the characteristic features of S. pyogenes is
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Mechanisms describing the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus strains include upregulation of mucin production in the host cells, interference with host pattern recognition receptors, competition for essential metabolites, production of antibacterial molecules, co-aggregation between bacteria of the microbiota and invading pathogenic bacteria leading to interfere with pathogen adherence to host cells (9-11). Lactobacillus species are known to play a significant role in the protection against many gastro-intestinal and urogenital pathogens (7, 8). However, less is known about their antagonistic capacity to the oral-pharyngeal pathogens. Also, the detailed mechanisms behind the anti-adhesive properties of lactobacilli and its effect on expression of virulence-associated genes are far from fully understood.
Different species of Lactobacillus are part of the microbiota of the mucosal membranes in the pharyngeal tract (6). The study, therefore, aimed to investigate if Lactobacillus strains interfere with the expression of S. pyogenes virulence-associated factors and its ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelial
Mechanisms describing the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus strains include upregulation of mucin production in the host cells, interference with host pattern recognition receptors, competition for essential metabolites, production of antibacterial molecules, co-aggregation between bacteria of the microbiota and invading pathogenic bacteria leading to interfere with pathogen adherence to host cells (9-11). Lactobacillus species are known to play a significant role in the protection against many gastro-intestinal and urogenital pathogens (7, 8). However, less is known about their antagonistic capacity to the oral-pharyngeal pathogens. Also, the detailed mechanisms behind the anti-adhesive properties of lactobacilli and its effect on expression of virulence-associated genes are far from fully understood.
Different species of Lactobacillus are part of the microbiota of the mucosal membranes in the pharyngeal tract (6). The study, therefore, aimed to investigate if Lactobacillus strains interfere with the expression of S. pyogenes virulence-associated factors and its ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelial