In "Putnam's BIV and The Disjunctive Argument", Brueckner breaks down what Hilary Putnam was trying to communicate. Putnam first establishes the setting of the "brains in a vat" hypothesis, which is a world filled with envatted brains and computers that stimulate the brains, and it turns out that you are a brain inside a vat. These brains go by the name of BIV, and then she goes on to state that she is not a BIV due to the considerations pertaining to meaning, which concerns reference and truth. This statement goes against the BIV hypothesis, which is also known as a skeptical argument. Putnam then goes on to further assess her anti-skeptical and semantic considerations. She starts by making an example, consisting of a Martian
