Another factor that helped the Federalist win the ratification of the constitution was that only 9 out of 13 states had to agree. Even though in the Articles of Confederation it was stated that all 13 states must agree upon the terms. Then the Federalist would tell the people that they must ratify the Constitution and were later to add a Bill of Rights, which helped tremendously with the ratification of the…
Brutus, a pseudonym for Robert Gates, was an Anti-Federalist who was against the signing of the Constitution. He wrote to the citizens of New York many documents on his views and why the United States should not be under this new government. In his first paper, he talked about how Congress, the new body of government, could undermine the States under certain circumstances. Also he proposed reasons why this new way of ruling could not rule over such a vast territory that this brand new country came upon on. Many of Brutus’ examples and reasoning still exists in today’s modern era in which these contemporary political circumstances still impact us daily.…
Justice Everyone holds their own definition of what justice is, though the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it, as the process or result of using laws to fairly judge and punish crimes and criminals (Merriam Webster). Although the idea of justice is connotative to good intention, Marcus Tullus Cicero author of The Defense of Injustice, shares a different perspective to the notion of justice. In a persuasive dialogue, Laelius gives Philus the challenge to defend the idea of injustice, in which Philius successfully accomplishes, establishing a powerful argument. Cicero insists that the idea of doing the right thing and having a good intention comes from human weakness and not from the idea of justice. He believes that the idea of justice…
John P. Roche gives his case that proposes that the form of the Constitution was simply a representative development involving a compromise of the interests of the state, economy, and governmental concentrations. In John P. Roche’s argument he states that the government was as democratic as possible: “My concern is with the further position that not only were they revolutionaries, but also they were democrats. Indeed, in my view, there is one fundamental truth about the Founding Fathers…: They were first and foremost superb democratic politicians…”[1]. He continues by stating that what they did was create a practical compromise that would support both the national interest and be something that the people would agree with. They started with the Virginia plan that proposed a bicameral legislative branch.…
The political arithmetic of ratification outlined in Stage I of the Ratification story seemed to yield a mixed prognosis. On the one hand, only nine out of thirteen states were needed to ratify the Constitution. On the other hand, two New York delegates left the Constitutional Convention early; two delegates from Virginia refused to sign on September 17, as did one delegate from Massachusetts. The supporters of the Constitution began the ratification campaign in those states where there was little or no controversy, postponing until later the six more difficult states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. Ben Kunkel has captured this challenge of the political arithmetic of ratification by anticipating…
Apart from the states ratifying conventions, the debates also took the form of a public discussion, mainly through newspaper editorials, with federalists on one side supporting the constitution, and anti- Federalists objecting to the Constitution. Writers from both sides tried to convince the public that precious liberty and self-government, hard-earned during the late Revolution, were at stake in the question. Anti-federalists such as Centinel, the Federal Farmer, and Brutus argued that the new Constitution will ultimately lead to the dissolution of the state governments, the consolidation of the Union into “one great republic” under an unchecked national government, and as a result the loss of a free, self-government. Brutus particularly alleged that in such an extensive and diverse nation, nothing short of despotism “could bind so great a country under one…
Rutland gives us a perspective of the Antifederalist side and not just the Federalist points of view in this paper which gives us the inside context of these people not just as opposition to the government, but as opposition to what these people were doing in context to morph the government. The biggest issue of the book, however, was Rutland’s book was not painting a broadened scope from the Federalists point of view as he clearly favors the book from the Antifederalist side and gives them tons of credit where it is not due. For example, he often goes into “What if?” strategies which give inconsistency within the book making it harder to read and brutal for the reader. As for Cornell’s biggest weakness, the biggest issue was explaining the Antifederalists in a broader setting.…
The Federalists’ attempt to stifle the volatile passions of the public in the federal institutions is an example which will no doubt soon find its way into states, counties, and townships. The constitutional doctrine of placing faith in structures rather than people will result in a mass erosion of citizens’ power. Tocqueville explains this saying, “left to themselves, the institutions of the township can scarcely struggle against an enterprising and strong government…it is easy to destroy it” (Tocqueville, 56). But while the constitutional system makes for good government it does not make for good citizens. Had the Federalists kept the people “strong and independent, they fear partitioning social power and exposing the state to anarchy.…
During the early, immature years of our nation’s history, the interests of north and south, rich and poor, and industry and agriculture were dealt with as compromises, upsetting both sides until two deeply different visions for the country arose. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton believed that our new country’s federal government should be more powerful. However, Hamilton 's views faced strong opposition by many, such as Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and House Representative James Madison. He believed it more wise to provide more power to individual states. The two emerging parties deemed themselves with names that reflected their most treasured values.…
Some states voted unanimously, others did not, and some postponed voting. Berkin explains the process of voting and describes what goes on with each state in the ratification process, and in the end, all of the sates voted for ratification eventually. In the final two chapters, the author composes her work on the preparations and actual inauguration of George Washington as the first president in addition to exploring how the Constitution affected the future of the United States and its presidents; several of the small clashes and occasions initiated changes all the way through our history. Berkin is consistent with her writing, keeping her readers invested and well educated on the subjects throughout the book. She gives background…
One side felt Texas could “increase the wealth and happiness of all classes in our society” (Doc G) and believed “all this patriotism ¬-all this philanthropy -all this religion- appeals to us in favor of the addition of Texas to our Union” (Doc G). On the other hand, the opponents knew that “we are anxious to force free government on all” (Doc H) but only under “a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement, in a civilized state” (Doc H) is the nation able maintain a free government and form “a constitution capable of endurance” (Doc H).…
Prompt: Construct and develop your commentary using the assigned reading provided to you on authored by Dr. Michael Greve. “The AEI Federalism Project” is a program established by the American Enterprise Institute to provide a forum for the discussion of American Federalism. Your work should be an original interpretation of the content of the article and will address and answer the following: Develop an explanation for the principle of federalism, Address the concept of competitive federalism, Explain how federalism empowers citizens, Illustrate how federalism replicates private economic principles, Describe how mobility and choice relate to federalism, Discuss how federalism addresses the concerns of centralization, Provide an examination…
constitution, led by Hamilton and Madison, set the stage for a self-governing America. “No one planned the process that produced America’s Constitution”, but it all started in September of 1780 when “Hamilton was the first to conclude that a new government was needed”, even before the Articles of Confederation took effect and called for congress “to revise the Articles”. Calling upon congress to come together and agree was a difficult and long process. Hamilton was always ready for a national convention, yet Madison “was not ready for that drastic step”, but “after the Mount Vernon conference and a trip to New York and Philadelphia, Madison warmed to the idea of a national convention”. The Articles of Confederation needed to be revised, “the weakness of the national government afflicted everyday life” from not having a uniform currency to voting in congress and the complex almost-non existing tax system.…
Utopia Cicero and Plato were both great thinkers and both have a big influence on how some societies and governments are operated today. In his writing, “The Defense of Injustice”, Cicero talks about how the “justice” his society believes in is manufactured to work for self interest and not for the greater good. He uses a story where two characters Philus and Laelius argue about justice and injustice. He then goes on to talk about a single law that will never change and will be true for every nation: A law that comes from God and not following this law is sinful in any form. “The Allegory of the Cave” by Plato is similar to this in the fact that the people that gained wisdom by leaving the cave for the upper world would never look back…
AJ Siciliano, Federalists Vs. Anti-Federalists Essay Before the ratification of the constitution, two original political parties fell consistent during the 1700’s, Federalists and Antifederalists. In shorter terms, Federalists wanted a stronger central government to have overall power of the states, rather the Antifederalists wanted something similar to the Articles of Confederation, where the states as individuals, had more power than the central government. Both, although strongly contrasting, contained one main similarity, thirst for the creation of a new country, just with different ideas of how it should function.…