In a case study of a sixty five year old white woman with a good blood pressure, below average weight, and does not smoke, there were signs of osteoporosis before she actually consulted a physician. She had been complaining of joint and pain in the back, and had what she described as swelling in the neck area. Her past medical history revealed she had hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, and had a hysterectomy at age 42. She also had a broken wrist two years prior at the age of 62. She began her menstrual cycle at the age of 17, and menopause brought on by the hysterectomy at age 42. There are several markers that would indicate the possibility of developing osteoporosis as the years passed. Of these, the ones that stood out to me would be
