During the 1970s and 80s and early 90s, helicopter flights in kruger national park carried sharpshooters who methodically picked off one elephant after another to reduce the population in the fenced preserve.
During certain culls, calves were spared for relocation to protected without elephants. Around 50 of those calves ended up in ithala reserve, which adopted PZP in 2014, because elephant numbers had increased so fast. ithalias conservation manager is now trying to give away 30 elephants but hasn't found any protected areas