Julia, thank you for your post. You raise very important points on all four questions. Regarding the first question, you wrote about a paradox "poverty exacerbates poor health whiles poor health makes it hard to get out of poverty". This is a terrible cycle that affects developing countries and it has to be broken. I found this document from the OECD and the WHO about health and poverty that is related to this paradox that you wrote about. It goes through the following chapters: investing in health to reduce poverty, supporting pro-poor health systems, key policy areas for pro-poor health. This is the link: http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/economics/publications/oecd_dac_pov_health.pdf .
You also described corruption as a problem present
You also described corruption as a problem present