Pain is modulated by descending mechanisms of nociceptive transmission between the brain and spinal cord. Multiple brain regions, pathways, and chemical mediators are involved in this modulation of pain. One type of powerful mediator involved in pain modulation are opioids. Endogenous opioid peptides, as well as exogenous opioid agonists, bind and activate opioid receptors. Activated opioid receptors directly inhibit ON cells and also inhibit GABAergic interneurons which inhibit OFF cells, thus indirectly disinhibiting OFF cells. The net result of opioid receptor activation is inhibition of pain.
Mesenchymal stromal cells secrete soluble chemical mediators, including cytokines, which have been implicated in their clinical efficacy in several
Mesenchymal stromal cells secrete soluble chemical mediators, including cytokines, which have been implicated in their clinical efficacy in several